Cognitive processes perception – sensation – attention – thinking – imagination – memory – creativity – problem solving Jakub Jura Engineering Psychology

What is Cognitive? From latin cognoscere = getting to know Distinguish emotional and rational Descarte’s „Cogito ergo sum“. Mental processes mediate between stimulus and response.

Cognitive processes Base Cognitive processes: – Perception – Sensation – Attention – Thinking – Imagination – Memory Advanced Cognitive processes – Creativity – Problem solving

Sensation Sensation is about sense organ and basic processes on this level. Perception is about creating whole percept.

Sensation PerceptionPerceptSence Organ Visual PerceptionImageEye Auditive PerceptionSoundEar Gustatory PerceptionTasteTaste Buds Olfactory PerceptionSmellNose Haptic PerceptionTouch on skinNociceptors ProprioceptionBody positionProprioceptor Human FeromonAffection / antipathy Vomero-Nasal Organ MagnetoceptionImpression of north Unknown

Sensation Delusions Mach’s Strips Lateral Inhibition Efect

Negative afterimage

Perception Perception is perception of diference. Sensuals limits Weber–Fechner law Gestalt law Multistable figures Invariance in perception

Weber–Fechner Law Psychophysics Ernest Heinrich Weber (1795–1878) Gustav Theodor Fechner (1801–1887) Stimulus  Percept Stimulus  Sensation  Percept

Experiment 1 Dependence of sense impression on the intensity of stimulus Sensum Impresion 1.Sound 2.Light Procedure: a)Set intensity to basic level (L) b)Increase intensity up to one degree (L+1) c)Remember this degree and set intensity up to L+2, L+3, … L+n

Weber–Fechner Law dP = k * dS/S, P = k * ln (S/S 0 )  P = k * (  S/S) –P … percept –k … constant –S … stimulus –S 0 … lower possible stimulus

Perception Delusionss Which of these circles is bigger?

Perception Delusionss Effect of Contrast Lighter Darker

Perception Delusionss

Is anything here?

Gestalt Laws Proximity –We tend to group nearby objects. Similarity –We tend to group objects with similar properties Closure –We are so accustomed to seeing closure that we sometimes close things that aren't.

Gestalt Laws Good Continuation –We tend to assign objects to an entity that is defined by smooth lines or curves Pregnantz –We tend to good shape

Experiment 2

Multistable perception Mind separate figure and backgroun. Unstably between two or more alternative interpretations. Since you see both, you can’t see both. Changing may be under control only partially.

Invariance in perception Objects are recognized independent of rotation, translation, scale, elastic deformations, different lighting, and different component features.

Neisser's cycle of perception Cognitive Ecology Object available information Schema of environment Exploration Directs Samples Modify Actual world Cognitive map Locomotion and action

Memory Sensory memory –George Sperling –(200 – 500 ms) Short-term memory –George Miller –7±2 chunks –Chunking process (recoding) Long-term memory –Hippocampus Memory processes: –Imprint –Retent –Remember –Recognise

Ebbinghaus experiments 1.Co 2.Se 3.Zu 4.Ny 5.Pa 6.Dy 7.Ro 8.Ke 9.Ty 10.Wa 11.Next 1.Co 2.Se 3.Zu 4.Ny 5.Pa 6.Dy 7.Ro 8.Ke 9.Ty 10.Wa 11.Next 1.Co 2.Se 3.Zu 4.Ny 5.Pa 6.Dy 7.Ro 8.Ke 9.Ty 10.Wa 11.Next 1.Co 2.Se 3.Zu 4.Ny 5.Pa 6.Dy 7.Ro 8.Ke 9.Ty 10.Wa 11.Next 1.Co 2.Se 3.Zu 4.Ny 5.Pa 6.Dy 7.Ro 8.Ke 9.Ty 10.Wa 11.Next 1.Co 2.Se 3.Zu 4.Ny 5.Pa 6.Dy 7.Ro 8.Ke 9.Ty 10.Wa 11.Next 1.Co 2.Se 3.Zu 4.Ny 5.Pa 6.Dy 7.Ro 8.Ke 9.Ty 10.Wa 11.Next 1.Co 2.Se 3.Zu 4.Ny 5.Pa 6.Dy 7.Ro 8.Ke 9.Ty 10.Wa 11.Next

Ebbinghaus Forgetting Curve R = e -t/s –R …memory retention –s …relative strenght of memory –t …time 45 % 35 %

Serial-positioning effect Which of the syllable you remember easily? Initialy Final Out of serial-positioning effect: Meaningfull Related to myself Connected to my activity

Memory test How big is capacity of you visual memory? Redraw this figure maximaly precisely

Imaging Constructive and Reconstructive processes and eyes movement. 1.Imagine yellow elephant with red dots. 2.Imagine what did you eat last evening.

Experiment 3 - Mental rotation How many times you need to read rotated sign. R Angle ° Time 1 s Time 2 T A M L Q B F

Completing square test 1118

Attention Orientation reflex Orientation activities Bourdon test d2 test

Thinking J. P. Guilford: Convergent production - generation of logical conclusions from given information, where emphasis is upon achieving unique or conventionally best outcomes. It is likely that given (cue) information fully determines the outcome as in mathematics and logic. Divergent production - generation of logical alternatives from given information, where emphasis is upon variety, quantity, and relevance of output from the same source.

Problem Solving

Interconect all of this 9 point by the 4 segments of a line non-stop.Interconect all of this 9 point by the 4 segments of a line non-stop.

Creativity Preparation Incubation Insight Evaluation Elaboration

E. Rossi – creative phase

Metacognition Thinking about thinking (exactly cognition about cognition) First-level metacognition Second-level metacognition