P-N Junction Effects and Other Detectors S W McKnight and C A DiMarzio.

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Presentation transcript:

P-N Junction Effects and Other Detectors S W McKnight and C A DiMarzio

P-N Junction EfEf electrons “holes” E x +- N a =density of acceptors (m -3 ) N d =density of donors (m -3 )

P-N Junction EfEf electrons “holes” E x + - Depletion Region

Abrupt Junction x ρ -qN a qN d P-sideN-side -x op x on Charge conservation → q N a x op = q N d x on

Electric Field Calculation Poisson’s Equation: 1D Junction:

Abrupt Junction x P-sideN-side -x op x on

P-N Junction EfEf E x EvEv EcEc Junction “built-in” voltage VoVo -x po x no 0 w

Built-in Voltage and Electric Field

Drift and Diffusion Currents Hole Drift Current: Hole Diffusion Current: Diffusion Constant:

Built-in Voltage from Current Balance Jp (drift) + Jp (diffusion) = 0 Equilibrium condition:

Built-in Voltage from Current Balance Electric field and Voltage:

Built-in Voltage from Current Balance Since: p p ≈ N a ; n n ≈ N d

Depletion Region Width

Junction Capacitance 1. Reverse bias: Q = depletion charge (ionized donors and acceptors) 2. Forward bias: Q = diffusion charge storage

Reverse Bias Junction Capacitance A=junction cross-section area

Junction Capacitance

Thermal Detectors Absorbing film Temperature Sensitive Device Electric leads/ Heat sinks Incident Radiation

Thermal Detectors Thermocouple/Thermopile Detectors Semiconductor Bolometers Golay Cells Pyroelectric detectors

Thermopile Detectors Absorbing film Electric leads/ Heat sinks Incident Radiation BiSb (Thermocouples in series)

Golay Cell Absorber Mirror Deformable membrane Gas Light Source Detector Incident radiation

Pyroelectric Detector P(T) = Polarization A

Ferroelectric Materials P EaEa PrPr

Ferroelectric Domains Unpoled P=0 Poled P=P r

Temperature Dependence of Ferroelectric Effect T c = Ferroelectric Curie Temperature

Pyroelectric Detectors Pyroelectric coefficent: Pyroelectric detector current : A d = detector area = temperature rate of change

Pyroelectric Materials MaterialPyroelectric Coefficient BaTiO 3 2 x C cm -2 K -1 Triglycine Sulfate (TGS)2-3.5 x LiNbO 3 4 x LiTaO 3 6 x SrBaNbO 3 1 x 10 -7

Pyroelectric Detectors Room temperature operation Good frequency response Low sensitivity