Ancient Sumer. Discovery  ‘Tells’ are found in the desert of Iraq  Even after their discovery, Sumer is still considered to be a legendary, not actual,

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Presentation transcript:

Ancient Sumer

Discovery  ‘Tells’ are found in the desert of Iraq  Even after their discovery, Sumer is still considered to be a legendary, not actual, place.  1800s – Archaeology is still not very scientific: dig a hole in the ground and look for treasures.  A lot of precious artefacts are likely thrown out in the dirt  1900s – Archaeology becomes much more scientific  Sir Leonard Wooley becomes famous for his excavations at Ur, an ancient Sumerian city-state.  Digging down into the depths of the tell, he hit a layer of silt 9 to 12 feet deep, indicating a major flood.

Sumerian City-States  By 4000 BCE, populations were growing and villages became towns. By 3500 BCE, these towns had grown into cities.  Such as Ur, Kish, Lagash, and Uruk (Erech)  Whenever open warfare broke out, a city’s council of elders would elect a “lugal” (meaning ‘great man’ or ‘big man’) who would have absolute power.

The first Empire  Around 2340 BCE, Sargon, in legend a gardener’s son, became the leader of Kish, and went on to conquer a number of other city- states.  This first empire was centered in the city of Akkad, and the language of the empire was Akkadian.  Later, his descendents were overthrown because of discontent and the city-state of Ur in the South became the most powerful city in the region.

Religion and Government  These two components are inextricably tied  Kings were careful to link themselves to all facets of their land’s religion and would turn to temple priests and councils of elders for advice.  Sumerians believed in as many as 3000 to 4000 gods (polytheism).  Of those, 4 were superior to the others – the gods of heaven, air, and water, and the goddess of earth.  To honour these deities, the Sumerians built many temples and shrines. The grandest of these temples were known as ziggurats (“mountain of god”)  The Kings maintained their high status in society by being the ones who are responsible for looking after the temples.  This is in addition to being the one primarily responsible for the city’s defense, maintenance of city walls, raising of an army, and expansion of territory.

Society and the Economy  The economy of Sumer is based in agriculture.  Wheat, barley, and sheep (for wool) are the most important  Society is broken into:  (1) the ruling class which includes the most powerful families  From these we get the priests, officials, and advisors  (2) The commoners  Most of whom are farmers; others are workers, artisans (craft- workers), traders, and lesser officials  (3) Slaves  These slaves did have rights – they could own land, marry free people, work for money (if they had time), and buy their freedom.  Trade is the second most important activity after farming – it is trade that gives the cities in the region their wealth and influence.  Grain, wool, and manufactured articles are sold to neighboring peoples for timber, ivory, and metals (all of which Sumer lacked).

Writing  Sometime between 3500 and 3000 BCE, writing developed in Mesopotamia.  First, written matters were simple matters  Property ownership, lists of goods, etc.  Gradually, Sumerian writing evolved into a tool to communicate not only business contracts and tax or military records, but also religious ideas, laws of astronomy, mathematics, and poetry.  Sumerian writing is known as cuneiform (Latin for “wedge shaped”

Other Sumerian Achievements  Tools of farming – irrigation, the pickax and the plow  Tools for religion (tracking the celestial bodies) – phases of the moon, the equinoxes, and a 12 month calendar  Tools for math – their numerical system based on the number sixty (60) divided the circle into 360°  Tools for telling time – 60 is also how we, today, break down our minutes and seconds.  The may have also devised the first wheel around 3500 BCE – what came first, the pottery wheel or the cart wheel, we may never know. Both gave Sumerians a strong trade advantage for some time.