Traits – Cattell & Eysenck Kimberley A. Clow

Outline Cattell – Bio – Different Types of Data – Different Types of Traits – 16 Personality Factors Eysenck – Bio – Temperaments – Hierarchical Structure – Biology

Cattell Born in England – 9 years old through WWI Education – B.Sc in Chemistry & Physics – PhD in Psychology Studied with Spearman – Intelligence & factor analysis Moved to States – Worked with Allport at Harvard Applied factor analysis to personality Began idiographic research

Different Types of Data L Data = Life Record Data Q Data = Personality Questionnaires T Data = Objective Tests

Different Types of Traits Source Traits – Causes of behaviour Lead to surface traits – Causes Constitutional vs. Environmental-Mould Traits – Types Ability Traits Temperament Traits Dynamic Traits – Ergs – Metaergs

16 Personality Factors

Global FactorsLowHigh Extraversion Introverted, socially inhibitedExtraverted, social participant Anxiety Low anxiety, relaxed, imperturbable, well- adjusted High anxiety, tense, perturbable, histrionic Tough-Mindedness / Willpower Receptive, open-minded, intuitive, emotionality, feeling Tough-minded, resolute, non-empathetic, determined Independence Accommodating, agreeable, selfless, subdued Independence, persuasive, wilful Self-Control Unrestrained, impulsive, uncontrolledSelf-controlled, inhibitory of impulses Global FactorsLowHigh Extraversion Introverted, socially inhibited Extraverted, social participant Anxiety Low anxiety, relaxed, imperturbable, well- adjusted High anxiety, tense, perturbable, histrionic Willpower Receptive, open- minded, intuitive, emotionality, feeling Tough-minded, resolute, non-empathetic, determined Independence Accommodating, agreeable, selfless, subdued Independence, persuasive, wilful Self-Control Unrestrained, impulsive, uncontrolled Self-controlled, inhibitory of impulses

Development of Personality Sentiments and attitudes develop through learning – Classical conditioning – Operant conditioning – Structured learning Childhood – Birth order Group affiliations

Eysenck Born in Germany – Left during Nazi occupation Moved to England – Served as a psychologist in an emergency hospital during WWII – Trained in clinical psychology in the States Developed negative view of psychoanalysis Studied Thurstone’s work on factor analysis in undergrad

Answer the following – 5=Very Much; 1=Not At All 1. Do you have many different hobbies? E 2. Do you stop to think things over before doing anything? P 3. Does your mood often go up and down? N 4. Are you a talkative person? E 5. Would being in debt worry you? P 6. Do you ever feel "just miserable" for no reason? N 7. Do you lock up your house carefully at night? P

8. Are you rather lively? E 9. Would it upset you a lot to see a child or animal suffer? P 10. Do you often worry about things you should not have done or said? N 11. Can you usually let yourself go and enjoy yourself at a lively party? E 12. Are you an irritable person? N 13. Do you enjoy meeting new people? E 14. Do you believe insurance plans are a good idea? P 15. Are your feelings easily hurt? N

Remember the 4 Humours

Four Temperaments

Three Dimensions

Hierarchical Structure Acts/Behaviours Habits Traits Factor

Biology Extraversion based on cortical arousal

Neuroticism based on activation of Sympathetic Nervous System

Psychoticism related to increased testosterone levels