A HEALTHY, ACTIVE LIFESTYLE AND YOUR CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM TOPIC 1.2.2 A HEALTHY, ACTIVE LIFESTYLE AND YOUR CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

LESSON 1 - OBJECTIVES Develop knowledge and understanding of the main functions of the bodies circulatory system. Understand the function of each key part of the circulatory system. Understand why the heart is referred to as a ‘double pump’. GRADING YOUR KNOWLEDGE C = You know the three main functions and key parts of the circulatory system. B = Understand the two different systems of the circulatory system and know how these differ and why. A = You know, using the correct terminology, the flow of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood around the body. There are two place where gaseous exchange takes place, where are they and why do they occur there?

Main Functions of the Circulatory System TRANSPORT The circulatory system transports oxygen and nutrients to parts of the body as well as removing waste or toxic products such as salt, carbon dioxide and urea, water and heat, from the body. CONTROL The circulatory system helps regulate/control body temperature. The body is affected by changes of temperature, so keeping it in an acceptable range keeps the body functioning properly. PROTECT The circulatory system carries antibodies within the blood stream to help fight bacteria/disease and platelets to help clot the blood at the source of a cut to prevent other germs entering the body.

TASK Using the text books label the heart at the bottom of page 3 in your booklet.

DOUBLE PUMP Why is the heart known as a double pump? Left side pumps oxygenated blood to the body (cells and working muscles) Right side pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs.

RESEARCH TASK Research using the internet what the ‘pulmonary’ and ‘systemic circuits’ are within the circulatory system. (Page 4 in your booklet) TASK (page 5 in your booklet) In your own words describe in detail the flow of blood around the human body starting in the right atrium? You must include: The oxygenation of blood at each stage. The blood vessels it is passing through. Each section / valve it passes through in the heart. What happens at the body / body tissues?

From the right atrium deoxygenated blood is sent through the tricuspid valve to the right ventricle. The deoxygenated blood is then sent out of the left ventricle to the lungs via the pulmonary artery. The blood passes through semi-lunar valves when leaving the heart to prevent blood returning. Once at the lungs the carbon dioxide in the blood is exchanged for oxygen which allows the blood to become oxygenated. This oxygenated blood is taken back to the heart via the pulmonary vein. Once at the heart in enters the left atrium before going through the mitral valve and entering the left ventricle. The oxygenated blood is then sent at high pressure through semi-lunar valves, down the aorta which takes the blood around the body to the working muscles / body cells. Once at the body the oxygen within the blood is given up and exchanged for carbon dioxide. This means that the blood becomes deoxygenated. The deoxygenated blood is then taken back to the right side of the heart via the vena cava. Once at the heart it enters the right atrium and the process starts again.

Homework Using the information you have learnt today complete page 6 in your booklet for homework.

Lesson 2 - Objectives Re-cap the flow of blood around the body. Understand important terms which relate to the flow of blood around the circulatory system. Understand what blood pressure is and how it can effect your body. Grade Your Learning C = Know the key terms in relation to blood flow around the body. B = Understand what is meant by each term. A = Can relate the key terms to exercise.

STARTER Complete ‘STARTER’ on page 7 of your booklet using the information from last lesson to help you.

TASK 1 Page 8 in your booklet Draw a simple diagram of the circulatory system. You must: - label the 4 chambers of the heart - label the blood vessels - Show the type of blood being carried - Explain what happens at the body + lungs

Important Circulatory System Terms Heart Rate: The amount of times your heart beats per minute. Stroke Volume: The amount of blood pumped out of the heart per beat. Cardiac Output: The amount of blood pumped out of the heart per minute. HEART RATE x STROKE VOLUME = CARDIAC OUTPUT Maximum Heart Rate: The maximum amount of beats that the heart can beat at per minute. (220 – age) Resting Heart Rate: Your heart rate when the body is at rest. This is normally low as the body is inactive. Recovery Rate: The time taken for the heart to return to normal after exercise or any other physical activity that causes the heart to beat faster.

Blood Pressure What is it? The force exerted by circulating blood on the walls of the blood vessels. It is used as an indicator of how fit the circulatory system is. How is it measured? A sphygmomanometer is the instrument that measures blood pressure. Readings are given in units of millimetres of mercury (mmHg). There are 2 main readings taken which are SYSTOLIC and DIASTOLIC.

SYSTOLIC PRESSURE The maximum pressure in the arteries when the heart contracts (beats) and pushes blood out through the aorta into the body. DIASTOLIC PRESSURE The pressure that is exerted on the walls of the various arteries around the body in between heart beats when the heart is relaxed. SYSTOLIC PRESSURE DIASTOLIC PRESSURE What is our ideal (perfect) blood pressure?

RESEARCH TASK Research high blood pressure using the internet (booklet page 11). Find out: What it is? What causes it? What can it cause? How can it be reduced?

Homework Using the information gained from the last two lessons answer the exam style questions on page 12 and 13 of your booklet.

Lesson 3 –Objectives Develop knowledge and understanding of the different types of blood vessels within the circulatory system. Understand each blood vessels different role and how they are structured to assist them. Learn about blood and what it is made up of. GRADING YOUR KNOWLEDGE C = You know the three types of blood vessels and the THREE different cells that make up blood. B = You understand the function of each vessel and cell. A = You understand why each vessel and cell is structured different. Why is the thickness of the vessel walls so important for their roles within the circulatory system?

STARTER Page 14 in your booklet Label the following aspects of the circulatory system (1 of you in charge of the blue pen and the other the red pen) on the diagram: Chambers and valves of the heart Blood vessels Oxygenation of blood Body / Lungs and what goes on here

Different Types of Blood Vessels What are the three main blood vessels within the circulatory system: Arteries Veins Capillaries Using the textbooks, research the THREE types of blood vessels (page 15 + 16 in your booklets). You must: Explain there structure Explain what there main role is Draw and label a diagram of the blood vessel. YOU HAVE 15 MINUTES!

Arteries Carry blood away from the heart. Most arteries carry oxygenated blood (oxygen rich). Which one doesn’t? Thick walls to withstand the high blood pressure. Small / narrow luman so that the blood is forced around the body at a high pressure.

Capillaries In Capillaries gaseous exchange takes place. Which gases and where? Capillaries are one cell thick to enable substances to enter and leave the blood stream. Capillaries are used to help the body release heat e.g. During exercise.

Veins Veins carry blood towards the heart. Most veins carry deoxygenated blood (carbon dioxide rich). Which one doesn’t? Thinner walls than arteries as the blood is pumped through at a low pressure. Due to the low pressure veins contain valves to prevent the backflow of blood. The contractions of our muscles help force the blood back to the heart.

Function of Blood PLASMA (55%) A straw coloured liquid which is 90% water. It helps the blood flow more easily. Plasma helps move glucose, salts and hormones amongst other things around the body (the other 10%). During exercise the plasma is used by the body to transport hormones such as endorphins, adrenalin and testosterone.

Function of Blood RED BLOOD CELLS (45%) They are also known as ERYTHROCYTES. Small disk shaped cells that are used by the body to carry oxygen to body cells and the working muscles. They are produced in the body marrow of long bones. Oxygen binds with haemoglobin to make OXYHAEMOGLOBIN. WHAT MINERAL HELPS HAEMOGLOBIN? Once the blood gives up the oxygen to the cells / muscles it then gets given carbon dioxide (a waste product). This process is called gaseous exchange. WHERE ELSE THEN DOE GASEOUS EXCHANGE TAKE PLACE?

Function of Blood WHITE BLOOD CELLS (less than 1%) They are also known as LEUKOCYTES. There main function is to fight infection at the source, repair damaged tissues after an injury and destroy bacteria. PLATELETS (less than 1%) These are small fragments of larger cells. They are in charge of clotting blood both internally and externally. WHY IS CLOTTING IMPORTANT?

TASK Complete the questions on page 18 of your booklet. EXTENDED WRITING QUESTION Turn to page 19 of your booklet. Explain now the vessels and cells are structured differently and how this has a positive impact on their roles within the circulatory system?

Extension Work Why is the left side of the heart more muscular and stronger than the right? During CPR why are chest compressions massively important? Blood is sent through veins at a much lower pressure than arteries. i) Explain what veins contain to help get the blood back to the heart? ii) Which other body system is used to help veins get blood back to the heart and how does this work?

Lesson 4 - Objectives Develop knowledge and understanding of the immediate changes that occur in the circulatory system after the onset of exercise. Understand why these changes happen and what the benefits are. Understand how a person’s lifestyle can affect their circulatory system, GRADE YOUR LEARNING C = Know what immediate changes occur to the circulatory system during exercise. B = Understand how and why these changes occur. A = Understand the benefits these changes have on the athlete. Name 3 ways in which the circulatory system changes after the onset of exercise which would help a 100m sprinter perform more effectively?

STARTER Complete the STARTER on page 20 in your booklets, filling in the missing words within each sentence. Look back in you booklets to last lesson if you need help.

What is Cholesterol? Cholesterol is a lipid found in cell membranes and is used in the production of hormones and bile. Cholesterol is transported in the blood by molecules called lipoproteins, of which there are two types: high-density lipoprotein (HDL): often called ‘good cholesterol’ low-density lipoprotein (LDL): often called ‘bad cholesterol’. Cholesterol levels depend on diet and genes, but high levels of LDL have been linked to eating lots of saturated fats and few mono/polyunsaturated fats.

EFFECTS OF RECREATIONAL DRUGS ON THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM SMOKING Smoking causes blood vessels to contract which raises blood pressure. It also reduces the red blood cells ability to transport oxygen. WHAT EFFECT WILL THIS HAVE ON AN ATHLETE AND WHY? Smoking also lowers ‘HDL’ (good cholesterol) levels and increases the tendency for blood to clot, which can cause heart attacks and strokes. ALCOHOL Also raises blood pressure.

HOW STRESS EFFECTS THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM Stress causes a persons blood pressure to rise as well as their heart rate. This is dangerous as it can lead to strokes and heart attacks.

Immediate Effects of Exercise on the Circulatory System HEART Heart Rate Increases Stroke Volume Increases Cardiac Output Increase WHY? What benefit is this? BLOOD PRESSURE Blood Pressure Increases ARTERIES Arteries Widen

Immediate Effects of Exercise on the Circulatory System HOWEVER AFTER TIME: Muscles Start to Ache Due to the circulatory systems inability to get oxygen to the working muscles. Performance begins to drop. Lactic Acid / Oxygen Debt Lactic acid builds up during anaerobic activities (exercise where oxygen is not used) This soon makes the muscles feel tired and sore. The oxygen debt is the amount of oxygen required to recovery and remove all the lactic acid. WHEN DO YOU THINK THIS OCCURS?

Blood Diversion / Blood Shunting What is it? When the blood is diverted during exercise away from areas of the body which are not used during exercise. Instead the blood is sent to the working muscles. E.G. HOW WOULD THIS HELP DURING EXERCISE? Look at the tables on page 23 and explain what they show, stating how this will positively affect the body during exercise?

VASODILATION VASOCONSTRICTION WHAT IS IT? This is when capillaries open up and allow blood closer to the skin. WHAT DOES IT ALLOW US TO RELEASE DURING EXERCISE? VASOCONSTRICTION WHAT IS IT? This is when capillaries close to the skin close which forces blood further under the skin. WHEN WOULD THIS BE IMPORTANT?

TASK Place the cut outs in the appropriate position on the chart on page 25 of your booklet.

AFTER EXERCISING FOR A PERIOD OF TIME: When we start exercising the body releases ADRENALINE. THIS CAUSES  Your Cardiac Output to Increase Blood is diverted away from less important organs of the body. Blood Pressure?  Your Stroke Volume Increases THIS MEANS?  Your Heart Rate Increases  Increase in blood pressure allows the blood to be forced around the body quicker  More blood carrying oxygen can get to the working muscles Which means? Blood Flow? Arteries?  The blood is allowed to flow closer to the surface of the skin This means arteries must expand more to allow more blood through them  This allows?  Heat to be released from the body AFTER EXERCISING FOR A PERIOD OF TIME: Heart rate slows down due to the heart getting tired Muscles start to tire due to the lack of oxygen getting to them Build up of lactic acid in the muscles Performance will drop Eventually the performer will be forced to stop and rest due to oxygen debt The athlete needs to  Drink water to keep themselves hydrated

Homework In your own words explain what immediately happens to the circulatory system during exercise? This will be marked like an EXTENDED WRITING QUESTION IN AN EXAM (out of 5 marks)

Lesson 5 - Objectives Develop knowledge and understanding of the long term changes that occur in the circulatory system after taking part in regular exercise. Understand why these changes happen and what the benefits are. GRADE YOUR LEARNING C = Know what long term changes are that occur to the circulatory system. B = Understand the benefits of these changes. A = You are able to link these changes to specific athletes and explain how these will benefit them within their sport James has been training for the London marathon for the past 6 months. What changes will have occurred to his circulatory system and how will these benefit him?

STARTER Page 27 in your booklet. Explain under each heading what happens with the onset of exercise.

LONG TERM EFFECTS HEART: The heart gets bigger and stronger. This means that it can pump more blood around the body per beat / per minute. What will this allow the perform top do? Heart Rate Before and After Exercise: What do you think will happen to your resting heart rate and why? How will the heart rate of a trained athlete during exercise differ to the heart rate of a untrained athlete?

LONG TERM EFFECTS Recovery Rate: An athletes recovery rate will be reduced so that they will be able to recover from exercise more quickly. What will this mean then? Red Blood Cells More red blood cells are produced by the body. How will this help the athlete? Capillaries: More capillaries develop around the working muscles.

TASK Using pages 164 – 166 in the textbook, make notes on how DIET, WATER INTAKE and REST + RECOVERY effect the cardiovascular system? (page 29 in your booklet) Using your booklets to help you go through the past exam questions on pages 30 - 32

Extension Work HOMEWORK Go onto the computers and log into ‘MOODLE’. Go to PE – GCSE – and under Topic 1.2.2 practice one of the test on there. HOMEWORK Revise for topic test next week