 –European leaders led by Austria (Prime Minister Metternich)  Goals  Prevent French Aggression  Balance of Power (No country is a threat to anyone)  Restore royal families to the throne  Result=5 Grt Powers (GB, FR, Austria, Prussia, RS)  Unintentional Side-Effect: encourages Nationalism

European Map after Congress of Vienna (1817) Napoleon Empire Map (1815)

 Nationalism – belief that people should be loyal to nation not king  share a cmmn culture & history  Can identify better with own gov’t  People have the right to self-govern  Nation-States—independent gov, represents itself ▪ Ex. England, France, Ireland, America

Nationality Language Culture History Religion Territory Nation-State Defends its territory & way of life Representative to the rest of the world Embodies the people & ideals

ConservativesLiberalsRadicals Wealthy & Nobility Argued for traditional monarchy Middle Class Power to elected parliaments BUT only the landowners and educated “Fringes” often students Extend democracy to all people Drastic changes

s1848 Ottoman Turks (Muslims) control Balkan region Greeks rebel Popular with scholars, Russians, many Europeans British, French, & Russians ally and crush Turks Grks win indepdt Belgians declare independence from Dutch Poles revolt against Russians, but are crushed French king Charles X tries to return to absolute monarchy, students in Paris rebel (put down) Paris mobs overthrow Louis-Philippe, reestablish republic Louis-Napoleon wins presidential election; takes title of Emperor Napoleon III Encourages reform Experiences economic prosperity

Austro-HungarianOttomanRussian Control Hungarians, Germans, Czechs, Slovaks, Croats, Poles, Serbs, & Italians Prussia gains control of German States Split Austria & Hungary, but both under Emperor Turks control Greeks, Slavs, Arabs, Bulgarians, Armenians Grants equal citizenship to all people under rule Angers conservative Turks—causes tension Ex: massacres of Armenians after a revolt (genocide) Control Ukrainians, Poles, Lithuanians, Latvians, Estonians, Finns, Jews, Romanians, Georgians, Armenians, & Turks Loses Crimean War v. Ottomans Russification—impose Russian culture Strengthened nationalist feelings Disunified Russia Weakened czar’s power

 Giuseppe Mazzini  Formed “Young Italy”— youth nationalist group  1848—Rebellions broke out, Mazzini briefly leads a republic in Rome  Driven into exile

 Camillo di Cavour  Prime Minister of Italian State Sardinia  Expanded borders of Sardinia, unifying most of Northern Italy

 Giuseppe Garibaldi  Leader of nationalists rebels in Southern Italy  Supported by Cavour  Turned over control of Southern Italy to King Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia ▪ United all of Italy

 Otto Von Bismarck  Prime minister of Prussia under Wilhelm I  Realpolitik—politics of reality ▪ practicality > idealism  Encourages expansion of Prussia through war The great questions of the day will not be settled by speeches or by majority decisions—but by blood and iron!

 Austro-Prussian War (Seven Weeks War)  Prussia had superior training and equipment  Austria humiliated  Territory turned over to Prussia, created North German Federation, led by Prussia

 Franco-Prussian War  Southern Germany unsure of Prussian control so…  Bismarck insults the French so they would declare war on Prussia  Prussians overwhelm Paris & capture Napoleon III—force surrender  Everyone is proud to be German, so Southern Germans accept Prussian control  King Wilhelm I of Prussia is crowned kaiser (emperor) of Germany

Bismarck

 Think about:  Congress of Vienna & its results  Who became stronger?  Who became weaker?  How did Nationalism affect those countries?