Nutrition Expedition

Proteins

 Functional Proteins: Have specific metabolic roles. They can be enzymes, antibodies and transport molecules. The enzymes act as catalysts for biological reactions.  Structural Proteins: Form parts of structures. Such as keratin or collagen. Function in living organisms

Chemical Structure - Proteins

 Amino acids are the monomers of proteins  Amino acids are composed of three groups, amino group, carboxyl group and r.group  There are twenty different amino acids Protein Structure- Amino Acids

Polypeptide Structure- Protein

 There are four types of polypeptide protein structure. Primary, Secondary, Tertiary and Quaternary.  Primary Structure: A simple linear chain of amino acids  Secondary Structure: H- Bonds create a spring or linear shape  Tertiary Structure: Portions of the helix form more H-Bonds creating a globular shape  Quaternary Structure: Are groups of Tertiary structures Polypeptide Structure

Dipeptide Structure- Protein

 When two amino acids undergo dehydration synthesis they form a dipeptide  A peptide bond is the bond between two amino acids  Peptide bonds are strong covalent bonds Dipeptide Structure- Protein

Carbohydrate

 Carbohydrates are either sugars or combinations of sugars  Consumers eat carbohydrates and break polysaccharides into glucose  The monomer of the carbohydrate macromolecule is called a monosaccharide Function in living organisms

Chemical Structure- Carbohydrates

 Monosaccharides are the base unit of carbohydrate molecules  Glucose, fructose, ribose, and galactose are all examples of monosaccharides  Disaccharides are known as a double sugar  Disaccharides are formed when monosaccharides undergo dehydration synthesis  Maltose, sucrose and lactose are examples of disaccharides Monosaccharides/ Disaccharides

 Polysaccharides are the continued dehydration synthesis of mono and disaccharides  They are a long chain of sugar molecules  There are three types of polysaccharides, cellulose, starch and glycogen  Cellulose: most prevalent polysaccharide on earth, linear chain structure  Starch: Plant reserve carbohydrate, branched chain structure  Glycogen: A reserve carbohydrate, highly branched structure Polysaccharides

Lipids

 Lipids compose the structural component of cell membranes  Protect against shock and insulation agents in cells/ tissues  Excess fat is stored in adipose tissue Functions in living organisms

Chemical Structure- Lipids

 Lipids are non-polar organic compounds that contain C, O, and H atoms  Lipids are insoluble in water due to its non-polar structure  There are several types of lipid molecules, including fatty acids, steroids and phospholipids  Other examples of lipids are oils, waxes, cholesterol and some hormones Types of Lipids

 Fatty acids are non-polar chains of carbon and hydrogen, they can be saturated or unsaturated  Saturated Fatty Acids: tend to be produced in animal tissue and solid at room temperature, they do not contain and double bonds  Unsaturated Fatty Acids: can be produced by plant tissues and are liquid at room temperature, they contain double bonds Fatty Acids

 Phospholipids are special variations of triglycerides where one of the fatty acids is replaced with a phosphate group  Phospholipids form cell membranes  Phospholipids can mix with both polar and non-polar materials  Steroids are non-polar ring structures Phospholipids/ Steroids

 Dehydration Synthesis: the process by which polymer chains are formed by removing water  Hydrolysis: the process in which polymer chains are broken apart by water Dehydration Synthesis/ Hydrolysis