Carbon is unique because: 1. It has four valence electrons in its outer orbital. 2. It can bond with other carbon atoms to form chains of great length.

CARBON Can have single, double, or triple bonds. Can make rings. Can make millions of different large structures.

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Carbon Compounds Cells are made of large biomolecules which are built from smaller, simpler, repeating units.

Macromolecules: Very big molecules made of thousands of smaller molecules. Formed by polymerization. Each small molecule is a monomer. Monomers join to form polymer.

Four types of macromolecules in living things: Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic acids Proteins

Carbohydrates polysaccharide made of sugar monomers - monosaccharides. Contains C,H,O Ex: glucose Function: Energy supply Structure support Cell recognition

Monomer of starch

Plants store excess sugar as starch and cellulose.

Lipids Macromolecules (polymer) made mostly from C,H chains Ex: fats, steroids, waxes, phospholipids Monomer = glycerol, fatty acids Function: store energy waterproof coverings, cell membrane Ex: cell membrane, earwax.

glycerol (polar) bonds with fatty acid tails (nonpolar).

At least one C=C bond, fatty acid is unsaturated. More than one C=C, polyunsaturated. Ex: oils No C=C bonds, saturated. Ex: animal fats, butter

Cooking oils are polyunsaturated, broken down more easily. Solid fats like butter, animal fat are saturated, harder to break down.

Nucleic Acids Nucleic acids (DNA, RNA) are polymers made of monomers called nucleotides. 3 parts of nucleotide: sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous base. Ex: ATP C,H,O,N,P Function: store and transmit genetic information Energy carriers (ATP)

Each nucleotide has 3 parts: nitrogen base, phosphate group, sugar

Here are 3 nucleotides joined together to make a polymer: DNA

Two types of nucleic acids: Deoxyribonucleic acid - DNA Contains sugar called deoxyribose Ribonucleic acid - RNA Contains sugar called ribose

Proteins Polymer made of chains of amino acids = monomers Ex: muscle, enzymes Amino acid (monomer) ex: tryptophan Composition: C,H,O,N Function: Structure, support, and transport (muscles, bone) Communication (cell membrane) Catalyst for chemical reactions (enzymes)

Amino Acid: Each amino acid has 3 groups: amino, carboxyl, R

Four levels of organization 1st: sequence of amino acids 2nd: chain is twisted or folded. 3rd: chain itself is folded. 4th: several chains in one protein can be intertwined and held by H-bonds and Van der Waals forces.

Macromolecules Type Polymer Monomer Elements Function carbohydrate

Chemical Reactions Chemical reaction = the process that changes one set of chemicals into another. Chemical rxn always involves: breaking of bonds in reactants making of new bonds in products.

CO2 + H2O ----------> H2CO3 Which side of the arrow are the reactants located? Which side are products located?

Energy in Reactions Energy is stored in the bonds that hold a compound together. Energy is released or absorbed whenever chemical bonds break or form.

2H2 + O2 ---------> 2H2O + ENERGY!!! Hydrogen gas burns in oxygen and released lots of energy! But Energy + 2H2O -------> 2H2 + O2 requires lots of energy to happen

All living things need energy input to make chemical reactions in their bodies happen. Where does this energy come from? Food! The bonds that hold molecules together in food.

Activation Energy the energy needed to get a rxn (reaction) started. Even rxns that release energy often require energy to start them. Ex: dynamite.

Energy Releasing Reaction

Energy Absorbing Reaction

Enzymes A Catalyst is something that speeds up the rate of a chemical rxn. Enzymes are proteins that act as catalysts to speed up chemical reactions in cells.

Enzymes provide a site for rxn to happen called active site. Reactants are called substrates. Lock and key design. Enzymes are specific to particular substrates.

Enzyme is the “matchmaker” for rxns. Enzymes are affected by temperature, pH. Enzymes regulate chemical pathways that make materials, release energy, and transfer information in cells.

Enzyme Animation http://www.kscience.co.uk/animations/anim_2.htm Youtube Enzyme Basics, Enzymedica http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AFbPHlhI13g

Catalase Floating Disk Assay Catalase is an enzyme found in almost all living cells. It breaks down hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen. 2 H2O2 → 2 H2O + O2 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ItreW0X0R50