Mineral Review Drill: List as many uses of minerals as you can think. Objective: SWBAT review key concepts in order to prepare for the unit test tomorrow. HW: Study

Minerals Review Minerals are defined as:  Naturally occurring: not constructed, but rather form by processes of nature  Inorganic: cannot arise from materials that were once part of a living thing  Solid: Definite volume and shape  Crystal Structure: particles line up in a repeating pattern.  Definite Chemical Composition: Contains certain elements and compounds in definite proportions

Identifying Minerals Each mineral has its own ( 8 )specific properties that can be used to identify it. 1.Hardness: Uses Moh’s hardness scale from 1-10 with 10 being the hardest (diamond). 2.Color: Observable physical property. 3.Streak: Color of the mineral’s powder. Does not vary so used for color.

Identifying Minerals 4.Luster: How a mineral reflects light from its surface. Ex. Dull, earthy, metallic, etc. 5.Density: Measured in Specific Gravity; defined as mass in a given amt. of space. 6.Cleavage and Fracture Cleavage: Splitting easily along a flat surface. Fracture: Breaks in an irregular way creating various spikes and ridges.

7. Crystal Systems 3 axes, All right angles 1)Cubic: All axes same length. 2)Tetragonal: 2 axes same; length. 3)Orthorhombic: all axes different length 3 axes, No axes same length: 1)Monoclinic: 2 right angles. 2)Triclinic: No right angles. oHexagonal: 4 axes total. o3 horizontal axes all same length. oVertical axes is at a right angle to the horizontal axes.

Special Properties Fluorescence: Glow under UV light. React to acid (bubbles) Magnetic Electric Properties: ex. Quartz. Radioactive: Set of Geiger counter

Crystal Formation Crystallization: Process by which atoms are arranged to form a material with a crystal structure. Solution: mixture in which one substance is dissolved into another. Vein: narrow channel or slab of a mineral that is much different from the rock around it.

1. Minerals from melted materials. Can form from:  Magma: molten material from the mantle that hardens to form rock.  Lava: magma that reaches the surface Crystal Size depends on: 1.Cooling rate: Slow = big, Fast = little

2. Minerals from solutions Precipitate: Settle out. 1.Water enters through cracks in the rock. 2.Magma heats water. 3.Minerals dissolve in water to form solution. 4.Solution cools and can no longer hold minerals. 5.Compounds leave the solution as crystals. Evaporate: Left behind 1.Water enters through cracks in the rock. 2.Magma heats water. 3.Minerals dissolve in water to form solution. 4.Water evaporates leaving behind the mineral crystals.

Mineral Resources Minerals are the source of metals, gemstones, and other materials used to make many products.  Ore: Rock that contains useful mineral  Gemstone: hard, colorful mineral that has a brilliant or glassy luster.  Gem: Polished gemstone.  Metals: Useful because they can be stretched and shaped without breaking (maleable).

Types of Mining Strip Mines: Equipment scrapes away soil to expose ore. Open Pit Mines: Start near surface but extend deep down. Shaft Mines: Network of tunnels that extend deep into the ground following veins of ore.

Damages and Regulations of Mining Scars the land Destroys habitat Waste materials pollutes rivers and streams Destroys soil Reclamation: Repair the land to original condition. Grade surface Replace Soil