2 Function is to: Provide support & framework for the body Protect internal organs Makes movement possible Storage site for minerals Produces blood cells

3 Are comprised mostly of phosphorous and calcium & vitamin D Are surrounded by the periosteum thick layer of connective tissue that covers bone Oxygen and nutrients are carried by blood vessels through the periosteum to the bone osteo- means ?

4 Bone marrow is contained within bone cavities yellow bone marrow comprised mainly of fat cells red bone marrow functions to produce red blood cells, some white blood cells and platelets

5 Axial skeleton Skull: cranium/ face Vertebral column Thorax: ribs/ sternum Appendicular skeleton Upper Extremities Shoulder girdle, arms, hands Lower Extremities Hip girdle, legs, feet

6 Bones are attached together by joints acts similar to a door hinge some allow movement, while others do not movement is dependent upon type of joint 1.immovable 2.slightly moveable 3.freely movable

7 Called fixed joints-- SYNARTHROSIS Allow for NO movement Are held together by connective tissue, or are fused together Example: bones in the skull are immovable

8 Provide for restricted movement-- AMPHIARTHROSIS Bones are separated from each other Example: joint between two bones in the lower leg (tibia and fibula)

9 Allow for movement in one or more directions-- DIARTHROSIS Are grouped by type of movement allowed ball-and-socket- allow for circular movement hinge- permit back and forth movement pivot- allow one bone to rotate around another saddle- permits a bone to slide in two directions

10 Ball-and-socket Hinge Pivot Saddle

11 Saddle joint

12 Are bands of connective tissue connecting bones to bones Are covered with the synovial membrane Are bands of connective tissue connecting muscles to bones Tendon sheaths wrap around tendons that incur a great deal of friction

13 Types of Fractures Greenstick: bone is bent and splits; incomplete Depressed: broken piece moves inward; skull Compound: ruptures through the skin Spiral: twisting; results in 1 or more breaks Impacted: bones jam together Simple/ closed: complete break with no damage to skin Comminuted: fragments; breaks in more than 1 piece Reduction: Putting a body part back into proper alignment

14 greenstick comminuted depressed compound closed spiral impacted

Physicians and Health Care Professionals Orthopedist- medical doctor who treat disorders of the musculoskeletal system Osteopath- physician who combines traditional treatment with manipulative procedures. (hands) Rheumatologist- physician who treat disorders of the joints Podiatrist- medical specialist who treat disorders of the foot Chiropractor- manipulate the spine to treat certain ailments

Laboratory Tests Rheumatoid factor- blood test to confirm rheumatoid arthritis Serum Creatine Phosphokinase (CPK)- high levels appear in some disorders: Brain, muscle tissue or heart damage Serum calcium and serum phosphorus- blood test to determine the body’s calcium and phosphorous levels: Liver disease, cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis Uric acid- high levels lead to gout

Tests and Diagnostic Procedures X-rays- show if bones are broken or not CT Scan- show bone, joint or connective tissue disease Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)- used to detect musculoskeletal system, especially of the soft tissue. Bone Scan - used to detect various bone issues, i.e. tumors Areas that absorb little or no amount of tracer appear as dark or "cold" spots. This could show a lack of blood supply to the bone or certain types of cancer. Areas of fast bone growth or repair absorb more tracer and show up as bright or "hot" spots in the pictures. Hot spots may point to problems such as arthritis, a tumor, a fracture, or an infection

Diagnostic Procedures cont. Diskography -exam of the disks by injection, a contrast medium and using radiography. Myelography -radiography of the spinal cord to identify spinal cord conditions. Electromyogram -graphic image of the electrical activity of the muscles. Goniometer -used to measure motion in the joints Densitometer -uses light and x-ray images to measure the density of the bones.

Arthrocentesis surgical puncture to remove fluid from the joint

Arthroscopy Examination with an instrument that explores the interior of a joint.

21 Diseases of the Skeletal System Scoliosis: side to side curvature of the back Sprain: tearing of a ligament; twisting Bursitis: inflammation of fluid- filled sacs around joints Osteomyelitis: inflammation of the bone or bone marrow; pathogenic organism Arthritis: inflammation of joints Osteoporosis: weakening of bone, caused by hormone deficiency or lack of calcium over a long period of time Herniated Disc: intervertebral disc protrusion Dislocation: bone displaced from joint Kyphosis: curving of the spine which leads to hunchback

Osteoporosis

Bunion / Bunionectomy Bony bump that forms on the joint at the base of your big toe.

Osteosarcoma

Kyphosis Lordosis Scoliosis Herniated Disc Gout Arthritis Dislocation

Comminuted Lordosis Spiral Fracture Herniated Disc Osteomyelitis CT Scan Dislocation Osteopathy Scoliosis Axial

Greenstick Arthroscopy Bursitis Kyphosis X-Ray Arthritis Bunionectomy Osteoporosis Appendicular Ball & Socket

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