REVIEW If-then statements How to present statistical results Figure and Table Captions Data Interpretation

If-then Statements If (hypothesis) then (prediction) If a cheek cell is to be isotonic, then a hypotonic solution must have ions added to it If UV exposure stimulates vitamin D production, then patients with skin cancer will probably have higher levels of vitamin D then other cancer patients If a hypotonic solution surrounding cheek cells has ions added to it, then it will move towards isotonicity If patients with skin cancer tend to have higher concentrations of vitamin D in their blood than other cancer patients, then sun exposure probably stimulates vitamin D production

Figure & Table Captions Main information to include in your Figure and table caption: Describe what the graph shows –EXAMPLE: This graph shows the percent change in mass in potatoes after being soaked for 15 minutes in different salt water solutions. Include any statistical tests (what type of statistical test (if you did a regression analysis then include the R2 value and you don’t need to state the type of statistical test since the reader will know), P- value) –EXAMPLE: The mass of the potatoes significantly decreased with increasing salt water solutions (R2= 0.85, p<0.0001).

Data Interpretation Was your experiment appropriate to address your hypothesis? Did you have a large enough sample size? If your R 2 is high that means there is low variability in your dependent variable which means that you can have a small sample size. Were there unexpected errors that occurred that may make your data unreliable? A low p-value does NOT necessarily mean that you adequately tested your hypothesis How do you know if you adequately tested your hypothesis?

Visible Light Light can travel as a wave. Different types of light have different wavelengths. Energy from visible light is used in photosynthesis. Colors of visible light have wavelengths that vary from 380 nm (violet) to 750 nm (red).

Pigments 1.Chlorophyll a  Converts sunlight energy into chemical energy. 2.Chlorophyll b  Act as accessory pigment: absorbs & transfers energy from sun to energy conversion centers of chlorophyll a. 3.Carotenes & Xanthophylls  Act as accessory pigments: absorb & transfer energy from sun to energy conversion centers of chlorophyll a.  Dissipate excess light energy, which can cause cellular damage.

Absorption Spectrum Blue Line → Chlorophyll a Red Line → Chlorophyll b Green Line → Carotene Orange Line → Xanthophyll

Paper Chromatography Process used to separate compounds in solution from each another. Process involves: –Applying solution with several dissolved compounds onto paper. –Placing piece of paper in solvent. –Solvent moves up paper & carries each dissolved compound to different distance. The distance that a compound moves up the paper is determined by: –The solubility of the compound in the solvent. –The attraction of the compound to the paper.

Paper Chromatography Polar Molecules contain Oxygen atoms. In today’s lab, we are using: –Polar chromatography paper. –Nonpolar solvent. Why do deciduous trees have leaves that change color in the fall?

Procedure # 2  Student Projects!!  Work in groups of 1, 2 or 3. Read Appendix F on Presentations. Abstracts of past winners found at: –  Best 10 presentation abstracts in the entire General Biology I Lab will receive 10 bonus points! Read Appendix E on Abstracts. I will pick Top 2 Abstracts from my 2 labs. 10 Points is A LOT!!

Procedure # 2  Project Requirements: 1.Must ask a “why” level question. NOT a “what” level question. 2.Replication is necessary. Minimum of 3 replicates. 3.Control group is needed. 4.Statistical analysis must be used.  Before leaving today, groups must have & verify with me: 1.Question 2.Hypothesis 3.Prediction 4.Experimental Methods