What is Artificial Intelligence? AI, Artificial Intelligence Many definitions No universal agreement Based on different point of view, a different definition AI & Expert Systems

??? Smarter AI & Expert Systems

Are computers the right kind of machine to be made intelligent? Computers can be programmed to simulate any kind of machine. AI & Expert Systems

Are computers fast enough to be intelligent? My own opinion is that the computers of 30 years ago were fast enough if only we knew how to program them. Of course, quite apart from the ambitions of AI researchers, computers will keep getting faster. AI & Expert Systems

Does AI aim to put the human mind into the computer? Some researchers say they have that objective, but maybe they are using the phrase metaphorically. The human mind has a lot of peculiarities, and I'm not sure anyone is serious about imitating all of them. AI & Expert Systems

Different definitions of AI Thought Behavior Human Ideal AI & Expert Systems

??? What is artificial intelligence (AI)? Why study AI? How can you tell whether a machine or program is intelligent? What kinds of things (if any) can be learned by a machine? When can (should) machines replace human experts? AI & Expert Systems

What is AI? AI definition was always debatable since the meaning of intelligence was not well-defined. Intelligence might be defined as the capacity to acquire and apply knowledge. So AI was defined as: AI is the study of ideas that enable computers to be intelligent. AI is the part of computer science concerned with design of computer systems that exhibit human intelligence. AI & Expert Systems

What is AI? From the above two definitions, we can see that AI has two major roles: Study the intelligent part concerned with humans. Represent those actions using computers. AI & Expert Systems

Goals of AI To make computers more useful by letting them take over dangerous or tedious tasks from human Understand principles of human intelligence AI & Expert Systems

More explanation Thought VS behavior Ideal? Rational, reasonable and correct Humans sometimes do incorrect things Humans are sometimes irrational AI & Expert Systems

Human-like VS Rational? A system thinks or acts like a human Methods employed by humans But, sometimes we even don’t know how??!! A system thinks or acts rationally Don’t care the methods, only care about the correctness of the result Usually employ mathematical and logical models AI & Expert Systems © Dr. Khalid Kaabneh, AAU

Acting humanly The Turing Test approach Intelligent behavior a human questioner cannot tell if there is a computer or a human answering his question, via teletype (remote communication) The computer must behave intelligently Intelligent behavior to achieve human-level performance in all cognitive tasks AI & Expert Systems © Dr. Khalid Kaabneh, AAU

Acting humanly These cognitive tasks include: Natural language processing for communication with human Knowledge representation to store information effectively & efficiently Automated reasoning to retrieve & answer questions using the stored information Machine learning to adapt (適應) to new circumstances AI & Expert Systems © Dr. Khalid Kaabneh, AAU

The total Turing Test Includes two more issues: Computer vision to perceive objects (seeing) Robotics to move objects (acting) AI & Expert Systems © Dr. Khalid Kaabneh, AAU

Thinking humanly The cognitive modeling approach To enable computer thinking like a human We must have a precise theory of mind Cognitive Science is dealing with the theory of mind bringing together the theories of AI and psychology AI & Expert Systems © Dr. Khalid Kaabneh, AAU

Thinking rationally The laws of thought approach Logic is the laws of thought to govern the operation of mind. Usually logic takes as inputs several premises and deduces a conclusion. Example: If X and Y then Z (X ^ Y => Z) AI & Expert Systems © Dr. Khalid Kaabneh, AAU

Acting rationally The rational agent approach Given one’s beliefs (facts), one acts in order to achieve one’s goals An agent is just something that perceives (感應) and acts like a program: get inputs, and perform some outputs AI & Expert Systems © Dr. Khalid Kaabneh, AAU

Acting rationally Logic  only part of a rational agent, not all of rationality Sometimes logic cannot reason a correct conclusion At that time, some specific (in domain) human knowledge or information is used Thus, it covers more generally different situations of problems Compensate the incorrectly reasoned conclusion AI & Expert Systems © Dr. Khalid Kaabneh, AAU

Acting rationally Study AI as rational agent – 2 advantages: It is more general than using logic only Because: LOGIC + Domain knowledge It allows extension of the approach with more scientific methodologies AI & Expert Systems © Dr. Khalid Kaabneh, AAU

The Foundation of AI Philosophy At that time, the study of human intelligence began with no formal expression Initiate the idea of mind as a machine and its internal operations AI & Expert Systems © Dr. Khalid Kaabneh, AAU

The Foundation of AI Mathematics formalizes the three main area of AI: computation, logic, and probability Computation leads to analysis of the problems that can be computed complexity theory Probability contributes the “degree of belief” to handle uncertainty in AI Decision theory combines probability theory and utility theory (bias) AI & Expert Systems © Dr. Khalid Kaabneh, AAU

The Foundation of AI Psychology How do humans think and act? Human thinking Psychology How do humans think and act? The study of human reasoning and acting Provides reasoning models for AI Strengthen the ideas humans and other animals can be considered as information processing machines AI & Expert Systems © Dr. Khalid Kaabneh, AAU

The Foundation of AI Computer Engineering How to build an efficient computer? Provides the artifact (工具) that makes AI application possible The power of computer makes computation of large and difficult problems more easily AI has also contributed its own work to computer science, including: time-sharing, the linked list data type, OOP, etc. AI & Expert Systems © Dr. Khalid Kaabneh, AAU

The Foundation of AI Control theory and Cybernetics How can artifacts operate under their own control? The artifacts adjust their actions To do better for the environment over time Based on an objective function and feedback from the environment Not limited only to linear systems but also other problems as language, vision, and planning, etc. AI & Expert Systems © Dr. Khalid Kaabneh, AAU

The Foundation of AI Linguistics For understanding natural languages different approaches has been adopted from the linguistic work Formal languages Syntactic and semantic analysis Knowledge representation AI & Expert Systems © Dr. Khalid Kaabneh, AAU

The history of AI Read it yourselves, if you feel interested in it In short AI has been born for over 50 years Many different areas arise during this time AI has evolved from laboratory research to an industry AI & Expert Systems © Dr. Khalid Kaabneh, AAU

The state of the art What can AI do today? AI & Expert Systems © Dr. Khalid Kaabneh, AAU

AI Applications Autonomous Planning & Scheduling: Autonomous rovers. AI & Expert Systems © Dr. Khalid Kaabneh, AAU

AI Applications Autonomous Planning & Scheduling: Telescope scheduling: AI & Expert Systems © Dr. Khalid Kaabneh, AAU

AI Applications Autonomous Planning & Scheduling: Analysis of data: AI & Expert Systems © Dr. Khalid Kaabneh, AAU

AI Applications Medicine: Image guided surgery AI & Expert Systems © Dr. Khalid Kaabneh, AAU

AI Applications Medicine: Image analysis and enhancement AI & Expert Systems © Dr. Khalid Kaabneh, AAU

AI Applications Transportation: Autonomous vehicle control: AI & Expert Systems © Dr. Khalid Kaabneh, AAU

AI Applications Transportation: Pedestrian detection: AI & Expert Systems © Dr. Khalid Kaabneh, AAU

AI Applications Games: AI & Expert Systems © Dr. Khalid Kaabneh, AAU

AI Applications Games: AI & Expert Systems © Dr. Khalid Kaabneh, AAU

AI Applications Robotic toys: AI & Expert Systems © Dr. Khalid Kaabneh, AAU

AI Applications Other application areas: Bioinformatics: Gene expression data analysis Prediction of protein structure Text classification, document sorting: Web pages, e-mails Articles in the news Video, image classification Music composition, picture drawing Natural Language Processing . Perception. AI & Expert Systems © Dr. Khalid Kaabneh, AAU