FIGURE Growth of Austin, Texas, showing urbanized areas in 1983, 1991, 1997, and The comparison of snapshots from interpreted remote sensing data can help communicate changes in an area over time. From From A Primer of GIS, 2nd edition, by Francis Harvey. Copyright 2016 by The Guilford Press.

FIGURE Different types of identify operations. Identify operations indicate characteristics of a location from the available GI. From A Primer of GIS, 2nd edition, by Francis Harvey. Copyright 2016 by The Guilford Press.

FIGURE The combined values of the integrated terrain units must be analyzed to be meaningful. While the methods and details of the operation have changed with the introduction of more capable GIS processing, the basic concepts remain the same. From Dangermond, J. (1979). A case study of the Zulia Regional Planning Study, describing work completed. In G. Dutton (Ed.), Urban, regional and state applications (Vol. 3, pp. 35–62). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Adapted by permission. From A Primer of GIS, 2nd edition, by Francis Harvey. Copyright 2016 by The Guilford Press.

FIGURE Distances can be transformed between raster and vector formats with some variations. These transformations can lead to distinct differences in the calculation of the same areas. From A Primer of GIS, 2nd edition, by Francis Harvey. Copyright 2016 by The Guilford Press.

FIGURE Examples of neighborhood operations using raster GIS. After overlay, the buffer operation used in these examples is probably the most widely used GIS operation. From A Primer of GIS, 2nd edition, by Francis Harvey. Copyright 2016 by The Guilford Press.

FIGURE Criteria and process for selecting a disposal site. These criteria and the order can be implemented in a GIS for very thorough modeling of environmental processes and supporting decision making. From A Primer of GIS, 2nd edition, by Francis Harvey. Copyright 2016 by The Guilford Press.

FIGURE Site selection for disposal of marine sediments. The characterizations employed in this decision making are used to determine the relative importance of habitats for commercial fishing and suitability for depositing marine sediments. From From A Primer of GIS, 2nd edition, by Francis Harvey. Copyright 2016 by The Guilford Press.

FIGURE “Shell model” showing elements of GIS and interactions that occur. The considerations, evaluations, and verifications of creating and using GIS that this figure represents are very important in using GIS. From Chrisman, N. R. (1999). What does “GIS” mean? Transactions in GIS, 3(2), 175–186. Adapted by permission of Nicholas R. Chrisman. From A Primer of GIS, 2nd edition, by Francis Harvey. Copyright 2016 by The Guilford Press.

FIGURE Section of a map produced with a GIS-based analysis of landslide hazards on Puget Sound. Maps are often used as the base graphic for presenting results of GIS analysis to help communication. From From A Primer of GIS, 2nd edition, by Francis Harvey. Copyright 2016 by The Guilford Press.