Page 1 Network Tuning Parameter 2003. x. xx 강사 : 최원규 과장 HPCS/ESC.

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Page 1 Network Tuning Parameter x. xx 강사 : 최원규 과장 HPCS/ESC

Page 2 Agenda 1.Ndd parameter 2.Oracle DB Server Tuning 3.Web Server Tuning 4.ndd parameter for security 5.100BT NIC configuration 6.Nettl trace 7.APA 8.Utilization 측정

Network Tuning Parameter Page 3 NDD Parameter The command ndd is a networking configuration tool used to customize the behavior of the networking kernel. To make the 11i system more internet friendly and easier to get running "out of the box", some of the ndd tunables have been enhanced. Network parameter 를 “tune” 할 수 있는 tool

Network Tuning Parameter Page 4 NDD / IP ip_forwarding HP hosts 가 gateway 로 사용시 IP 을 forward 할 것인가 말것인가. 0 -> forward 안함. 1 -> forward 함. 2 -> Interface 가 2 이상인 경우에만 forward 함. VerMinMaxDefault i022

Network Tuning Parameter Page 5 NDD / IP ip_ire_gw_probe Turns the Dead Gateway Detection on and off. HP-UX 11.0 에서는 default gateway 를 ICMP 을 이용하여 주기적으로 check 하는데 일부 router 의 경우 ICMP 에 응답을 하지 않는 경우가 있는데 대개의 경우 Firewall 에서 default router 로 ping 이 않되게 setting 하는 경우가 대부분. 그때 이 시간을 넘어서면 router 넘어로 network connection fail. VerMinMaxDefault i011

Network Tuning Parameter Page 6 NDD / IP ip_pmtu_strategy 0 -> any non-local networks have a maximum MTU of > All outbout packet 에 DF(Don't Fragment) 를 set 한다. 의미는 HP machine 의 outbound MTU size 를 그대로 두라는 것이다. destination 과 HP machine 사이의 MTU size 값이 틀려 fragmenetion 이 필요한 필요한 경우 router 로 부터 ICMP Fragmentation Needed 를 받으면 IP 는 MTU size 을 수정한다. 이를 지원하지 않는 router 의 경우는 순차적으로 작은 MTU 을 사용한다. 2 -> Disable 3 -> pmtu option "-p“ VerMinMaxDefault i031

Network Tuning Parameter Page 7 NDD / IP ip_ire_gw_probe_interval HP-UX 11.0 에서는 default gateway 를 ICMP 을 이용하여 주기적으로 check 하는데 일부 router 의 경우 ICMP 에 응답을 하지 않는 경우가 있는데 대개의 경우 Firewall 에서 default router 로 ping 이 않되게 setting 하는 경우가 대부분. 그때 이 시간을 넘어서면 router 넘어로 network connection fail. IBM 2212 router 에 VRRP(Virtaul Router Redundancy Protocol RFC 2338) 을 enable 한 경우 primary router 에 문제가 발생하여 backup 으로 넘어가는 경우 이 backup router 에서 ICMP ECHO reply 을 하지 않음으로 HP machin 에서 gateway 를 인식하지 못함. CISCO 의 HSRP(Hot Standby Routing Protocol) 에서 firewall 로 ICMP Reply 을 disable 한 경우. VerMinMaxDefault X i15000X180000

Network Tuning Parameter Page 8 NDD / IP ip_send_source_quench IP packets 이 처리할 수 있는 용량보다 빨리 node 에 도착하는것인데 ICMP packet 을 받아서 처리 할때 만일 ICMP 을 처리하는 Process 가 system 에 running 중인 경우 ICMP packet 을 해당 process 의 socket 에 넣는데 socket full 이 발생시 ICMP Source Quench Message 가 상대방에게 보내진다. 이를 0 로 하면 Source Quench 을 check 하지 않는다. VerMinMaxDefault i011

Network Tuning Parameter Page 9 NDD / IP ip_max_bcast_ttl Hop count 가 1 로 bcast packet 이 router 을 넘어가지 못함. C class 로 subnet 하여 사용시 subnet 에서 braodcast 가 208 에 도달하게 하기위한 방법. Broadcast 하는 program 에서 조정하는 방법. System gloval 변수 조정. ndd -set /dev/ip ip_max_bcast_ttl 3 VerMinMaxDefault i02551

Network Tuning Parameter Page 10 NDD / IP ip_check_subnet_addr Controls the subnet portion of a host address RFC 1122 을 check, 즉 subnet mask 을 허용하지 않음. 0 -> RFC 1122 check 을 bypass 함. Host IP subnet mask The error he gets is: ifconfig: ioctl (SIOCSIFADDR). RFC 1122 에 따른 Guide 을 HP 에서 준수하기 때문에 발생한 문제. VerMinMaxDefault i011

Network Tuning Parameter Page 11 NDD / TCP tcp_conn_request_max Max number of outstanding connection request 동시에 Connection 을 맺을 수 있는 각 socket 에 대한 listen queue limit. socket program 에서 listen() 에서 define 할 수 있는 최대크기. Application 에서의 Create 한 socket port 에대한 listen queue 의 제한은 실제로 Application program 내부의 listen() 에서 사용된 size 에의해서 제한을 받는다. /usr/include/sys/socket.h: #define SOMAXCONN 20 For a web server it might be a good idea to set this value to 1024 or higher. VerMinMaxDefault undefined i1 undefined 20

Network Tuning Parameter Page 12 NDD / TCP tcp_fin_wait_2_timeout VerMinMaxDefault undefined 0 11.i0 undefined 0

Network Tuning Parameter Page 13 NDD / TCP tcp_syn_rcvd_max Controls the SYN attack defense of TCP effective. SYN packet 을 (SYN_RECV in netstat -a) 보관하는 table space 을 지정한다. 여기을 거쳐서 각 socket 별로 listen queue 에 들어 간다. VerMinMaxDefault connections 11.i

Network Tuning Parameter Page 14 NDD / TCP tcp_time_wait_interval How long stream persists in TIME_WAIT Amount of time TCP endpoints persist in TCPS_TIME_WAIT state. netstat -an 으로 확인시 모든 TCP session 은 정상적으로 Session 이 종료시 TIME_WAIT 상태을 거치게 된다. 이 값을 조정하는 Parameter 임. 10.X 에서는 default 로 2MSL 을 사용하며 MSL 이 60 Second 이기에 2 분을 Waiting 하다 Session 이 netstat -an 시 보이지 않는다. 10.x OS 에서는 조정이 불가능함. /usr/conf/h/protosw.h: #define PR_SLOWHZ 2 /usr/conf/netinet/tcp_timer.h: #define TCPTV_MSL ( 30*PR_SLOWHZ) VerMinMaxDefault (1sec)600000(10min)60000 (1min) 11.i 1000 (1sec)600000(10min) (4min)

Network Tuning Parameter Page 15 NDD / TCP tcp_discon ndd -get /dev/tcp tcp_status | grep -e state -e TCP_FIN_WAIT_2tcp_status tcp_discon - Terminate a TCP connection -> TCP session 을 disconnection 하기 위한 ndd option $ ndd -get /dev/tcp tcp_status TCP dest snxt suna swnd cwnd rnxt rack rwnd rto mss [lport,fport] state 0183b8b cb8ce 533cb8ce bc bc [c00a,cea9] TCP_FIN_WAIT_2 $ ndd -set /dev/tcp tcp_discon 0x0183b8b4

Network Tuning Parameter Page 16 NDD / TCP tcp_discon_by_addr TCP session disconnection by address. Local IP: (0xc ) Local Port: 1024 (0x0400) Remote IP : (0xc ) Remote Port: 2049 (0x0801) $ ndd -set /dev/tcp tcp_discon_by_addr "c c "

Network Tuning Parameter Page 17 NDD / Sockets socket_buf_max Specifies the maximum socket buffer size for AF_UNIX sockets. VerMinMaxDefault 11.0 XXX 11.i

Network Tuning Parameter Page 18 NDD / Sockets socket_caching_tcp Used to enable socket caching on TCP AF_INET sockets. This value determines how many cached data structures for TCP sockets the system keeps. This could cause the system to speed up considerably if there are many short-lived connections on the system. A value between 1 and 512 will set a minimum of 512. Any number above 512 will set that value. VerMinMaxDefault 11.0 XXX 11.i

Network Tuning Parameter Page 19 Oracle DB Server Tuning Parameter Default value Suggested value ip_send_source_quench 1 0 tcp_conn_request_max tcp_rexmit_interval_max tcp_rexmit_interval_min tcp_xmit_lowater_def tcp_syn_rcvd_max tcp_xmit_hiwater_def

Network Tuning Parameter Page 20 Apache 1.3.x Web Server Tuning Parameter Default value Suggested value tcp_conn_request_max tcp_fin_wait_2_timeout 0 (infinite) tcp_ip_abort_interval tcp_keepalive_interval tcp_rexmit_interval_initial 500 Site-specific (see note)

Network Tuning Parameter Page 21 Netscape & Iplanet Web Server Tining Parameter Default value Suggested value tcp_time_wait_interval tcp_conn_request_max > 4096 tcp_ip_abort_interval tcp_keepalive_interval tcp_rexmit_interval_initial tcp_rexmit_interval_max tcp_rexmit_interval_min tcp_xmit_hiwater_def tcp_recv_hiwater_def

Network Tuning Parameter Page 22 ndd parameter for security Parameter Default value Suggested value Comment ip_forward_directed_broadcasts 1 0 Don't forward directed broadcasts ip_forward_src_routed 1 0 Don't forward packets with source route options ip_forwarding 2 0 Disable IP forwarding ip_ire_gw_probe 1 0 Disable dead gateway detection (currently no ndd help text; echo-requests interact badly with firewalls) ip_pmtu_strategy 1 1 Don't use echo-request PMTU strategy (can be used for amplification attacks and we don't want to send echo-requests anyway) ip_send_redirects 1 0 Don't send ICMP redirect messages (if we have no need to send redirects) ip_send_source_quench 1 0 Don't send ICMP source quench messages (deprecated) tcp_conn_request_max Increase TCP listen queue maximum (performance) tcp_syn_rcvd_max HP SYN flood defense ip_check_subnet_addr 1 0 Permit 0 in local network part (should be the default) ip_respond_to_address_mask_broadcast 0 0 Don't respond to ICMP address mask request broadcasts ip_respond_to_echo_broadcast 1 0 Don't respond to ICMP echo request broadcasts ip_respond_to_timestamp_broadcast 0 0 Don't respond to ICMP timestamp request broadcasts ip_respond_to_timestamp 0 0 Don't respond to ICMP timestamp requests tcp_text_in_resets 1 0 Don't send text messages in TCP RST segments (should be the default)

Network Tuning Parameter Page BT configuration file Configuration File in /etc/rc.config.d Variables btlan hpbtlanconf xxx_INTERFACE_NAME : Name of interface (lan0, lan1...) xxx_STATION_ADDRESS : Station address of interface. This will be the MAC address of your interface. xxx_SPEED : set the card speed. Value are : 10HD, 10FD,100HD, 100FD, auto_on. For EISA see Note btlan0 -> hpeisabtconf btlan1 -> hpbasetconf btlan3 -> hpbase100conf btlan4 -> hpgsc100conf btlan5 -> hppci100conf btlan6 -> hpsppci100conf 11.I hpbtlanconf

Network Tuning Parameter Page 24 Nettl trace packet 분석 tool #nettl -start #nettl -tn pduin pduout -e ns_ls_ip -s 1024 –tm f /tmp/trace -> 이러면 /tmp/trace.TRC00 와 trace1.TRC01 의 file 이 생깁니다. 필요한 action 수행 #nettl -tf -e all #vi /tmp/filter filter ip_saddr filter ip_daddr > 대상 장비의 IP #netfmt -c /tmp/filter -Nlf /tmp/trace.TRC00 > /tmp/trace.txt0

Network Tuning Parameter Page 25 APA(Auto Port Aggregation) 1. Cisco’s Protocol for Automatic Trunk Discovery and Automatic Link Aggregate Configuration 2. High Availability via Multiple Links with Failover Capability 3. High Availability Servers 4. Load Balancing 5. High Throughput 6. Advanced Interoperability 7. Basic Interoperability 8. Single IP Address Capability 9. Flexibility 10. Application Transparency

Network Tuning Parameter Page 26 APA(Example) /etc/rc.config.d/hp_apaconf HP_APA_INTERFACE_NAME[0]=lan100 HP_APA_LOAD_BALANCE_MODE[0]=LB_MAC HP_APA_MANUAL_LA[0]=1,2 HP_APA_HOT_STANDBY[0]=on /etc/rc.config.d/hp_apaportconf HP_APAPORT_INTERFACE_NAME[0]=lan1 HP_APAPORT_GROUP_CAPABILITY[0]=5 HP_APAPORT_PRIORITY[0]=0 HP_APAPORT_CONFIG_MODE[0]=MANUAL # HP_APAPORT_INTERFACE_NAME[1]=lan2 HP_APAPORT_GROUP_CAPABILITY[1]=5 HP_APAPORT_PRIORITY[1]=0 HP_APAPORT_CONFIG_MODE[1]=MANUAL /etc/rc.config.d/netconf INTERFACE_NAME[1]=lan100 IP_ADDRESS[1]= SUBNET_MASK[1]=" " BROADCAST_ADDRESS[1]="" INTERFACE_STATE[1]=up DHCP_ENABLE[1]=0

Network Tuning Parameter Page 27 Utilization 측정 FTP 는 performance 측정도구로 적절하지 않다. System 에서 제공하는 command 는 lanadmin, netstat, glance 등이 있다 정확한 측정은 NMS 나 analyze 가 있어야 한다. 정확한 계산방법은 packet 의 수가 아니라 bit 수이다. (IfInOctet + IfOutOctet) * 8 /IfSpeed * 1/100

Page 28 Thanks