Muslim Africa and the Middle East; p. 298

For almost 1300 years Muslims of various nationalities and kingdoms ran profitable empires. Muslim kingdoms and religious factions fought one another from time to time. European imperialists knew Muslims were vulnerable and began moving in to take over.

Muhammad AhmadMuhammad Ahmad: grey Led a massive resistance (jihad) against British invaders in the Sudan. –He claimed he was the “Mahdi”. Eventually defeated by Lord Kitchener and his combined Egyptian and British army. EC: the battle was fought at _____, in the Sudan. Kitchener was outnumbered 2:1. –Omdurman –In the clip, future British Prime Minister, Winston Churchill, is a scout for Lord Kitchener, informing him of the approaching Mahdi forces. Mahdi: greyMahdi Arabic word for the savior of the Muslims and Islam. –EC: Like the Jewish _______________, a mahdi would protect the religion from foreign invasion (which was considered by Muslims to be supported by Satan). –Messiah

The Sick Ottoman Empire Pasha: A provincial governor under the Ottoman government. –Being so far from Istanbul and the Sultan, they became more powerful they began to act like they alone ruled the provinces.

SultanSultan: grey The supreme leader of the Ottoman Empire. Objected to Westernization since it would take away his power. Other Issues weakening the Ottoman Turk Empire

GenocideGenocide: grey Effort by one people to kill off a racial, political, or ethnic group of people completely. After several decades, of other ethnic rebellions, Turks had been growing suspicious of nationalist rebels in Armenia. This phase of the Turkish solution against Armenians began in 1915, during WW I. –Turks arrested and began various methods of killing Armenian civilians; mass hangings, starvation, shootings, deportations (death marches) into surrounding desert areas were common.

Egypt The Ottoman Empire was losing control of its territory in North Africa. Muhammad Ali:Ali Ottoman Pasha of Egypt who became so powerful that he acted independently from 1805 on. He modernized Egypt

Where is Suez? EC: Suez is in ________ Egypt. The land is flat, so the canal is like a calm, continuous riverriver –Good for commercial shipping Products do not break, Safe passage It is vital for petroleum tankers going to and from Europe and the Persian Gulf.

Concession Special trade or military rights a powerful nation demands from a weaker one. Industrial powers wanted Persia’s petroleum Persia had strategic importance –Russia wanted it for protection against British gains in the Middle East. –Britain wanted Persia for protection of its colonies in India from Russia. Most Persians hated the Western invaders, but were divided on how to resist them: –Westernize and learn how to resist them –Resort to traditional religious ways to resist them.

Where’s the Crude? USGS map of global petroleum sourcesglobal petroleum

Standards Check, p. 299 Question: Europeans –Gained better trading terms –Demanded special treatment –Interfered in local affairs

Standards Check, p. 300 Question: They led to population growth and conflict over foreign influence

p. 301, Thinking Critically 1 It connected Europe with –Eastern Africa, –Southern and Eastern Asia, –and Australia 2 European countries that were able to increase trade

Standards Check, p. 302 Question: Britain and France gained an economic hold when Egypt could not pay its huge debts. Britain sent in troops to crush an Egyptian Nationalist revolt, making it a protectorate.

Standards Check, p. 302 Question: Petroleum was discovered

End hwk Begin class work