CARBON COMPOUNDS CHAPTER 2, SECTION 3

CARBON is the principle element in the large molecules that organisms make and use ORGANIC compounds contain carbon INORGANIC compounds are all the other compounds Carbon has _____ valence electrons and can easily bond with other atoms to make large, complex molecules Most complex macromolecules are POLYMERS which are made up of smaller units called MONOMERS 4

CARBOHYDRATES Contain Carbon, Hydrogen, & Oxygen Sugars and Starches Store chemical ENERGY and have some structural purposes Variable in Size SMALL MONOMER MonosaccharideSimple Sugars EX: Glucose DisaccharideGlucose + Fructose = SUCROSE LARGE POLYMER PolysaccharideMany Glucose = STARCH

CARBOHYDRATES POLAR molecules, but solubility in water depends on size Simple sugars such as glucose supply immediate energy for cell activities Living things store extra sugar as complex carbohydrates such as starch or glycogen

LIPIDS Contain mostly Carbon and Hydrogen Fats, Oils, and Waxes Store ENERGY and are a structural component of biological MEMBRANES NONPOLAR molecules formed from a Glycerol molecule and Fatty Acid Chains

NUCLEIC ACIDS Contain Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Phosphorous Molecules of INHERITANCE (DNA and RNA) Assembled from monomers called NUCLEOTIDES

PROTEINS Contain Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen Made of monomers called AMINO ACIDS Amino Acids are joined by peptide bonds, therefore another name for a protein is POLYPEPTIDE There are 4 levels of structural organization

PROTEINS Proteins are very diverse and have different functions: Aid in chemical reactions (enzymes) Help fight disease (antibodies) Build bone and muscle tissue Help transport substances in/out of cell Help regulate cell processes