Cell Factory

What is this?

Microscopes Different types of microscopes Light microscope-magnifies images by focusing light on them Most commonly used Compound- have two lenses Stains may be added to make objects more visible Electron microscopes- magnifies images a 1000X’s more than light microscopes by focusing a beam of electrons on them SEM TEM

A Foot of a Housefly Using SEM

Modern Cell Theory Cell Theory: Cells are the smallest working units of life All living things are made of cells All cells come from pre-existing cells Cheek cells

Cell Factory The cell is like a factory People and machines perform functions in a factory There are parts of a cell that also perform different functions

Cell Factory All factories produce a product. CELL PRODUCT=PROTEINS Cell’s DNA codes for proteins! All cells in an organism have the same DNA, but different cell types produce different proteins. What is needed to build a protein?

4 Parts of All Cells 1. Cytoplasm- watery substance inside all cells 2. Cell membrane (plasma membrane)- “door” to the factory that’s made of lipids and proteins It is a phospholipid bilayer Selectively-permeable- only certain things pass through Aids in homeostasis for stable internal conditions

Phospholipid Structure

4 Parts of All Cells 3. Ribosomes -“assembly line workers” They build proteins Found all over cell Proteins are either used by cell or shipped out to other cells 4. Genetic material DNA RNA

Two Main Types of Cells Prokaryotic Eukaryotic Bacteria Small No organelles except ribosomes No nucleus Simple Eukaryotic Anything other than bacteria, like plants and animals, have these cells Large cells Organelles True nucleus Complex

Eukaryotic Organelles Nucleus-“central office” of the cell that contains DNA where most cell activity is started DNA carries instructions for how to build proteins Nucleus is surrounded by a porous membrane. Why? The nucleolus, is found in the nucleus and makes the ribosomes.

Eukaryotic Organelles Mitochondria- “powerhouse” of the cell The process of cellular respiration releases chemical energy from carbs to make ATP when oxygen is present C6H12O6 (glucose) + O2 → CO2 + H2O + energy(ATP) Some cells have more than others—why? Contain DNA also Oxygen and glucose in Carbon dioxide, water, and ATP produced

Eukaryotic Organelles Endoplasmic reticulum -“highway” system throughout inside of cell Materials can travel on it throughout the cell Rough ER (has ribosomes) vs. Smooth ER

Eukaryotic Organelles Golgi apparatus-“packaging center” of the cell Puts finishing touches on proteins Prepares them for shipment out of the cell

Eukaryotic Organelles Lysosome –“recycling center” Repairs damaged cell parts. Sometimes parts are beyond repair.

Eukaryotic Organelles Vacuoles- “storerooms” in plant and animal cells. What would they store? If they shrivel, so does the cell

2 Types of Eukaryotic Cells There are two main types of eukaryotic cells Plant-like Animal-like

Plant-like Eukaryotic Cells Have: Large vacuoles…Why? A cell membrane that is surrounded by a cell wall Made of cellulose, a carb Gives plant cells support and structure which protect s cell from bursting when vacuoles swell with water Chloroplasts so can make own carbs through photosynthesis Chlorophyll-green pigment in chloroplasts that gathers sunlight Have DNA like mitochondria

Photosynthesis Source of energy for ALL life on Earth!!! Reactants Water Carbon Dioxide Sunlight Products Oxygen gas Glucose (a carb)

Photosynthesis

Animal-like Eukaryotic Cells Have: Only a cell membrane No chloroplasts for photosynthesis so must consume food for energy Small vacuoles

Endosymbiotic Theory Endosymbiotic Theory -mitochondria and chloroplasts were once prokaryotic cells that were taken in by other prokaryotes. Creation of first eukaryotic “organelles” Prokaryotes evolved into eukaryotes Endosymbiotic Theory

Cell Transport

Cell Transport Cells need: water, oxygen, and nutrients to get in through the cell membrane so they may use them wastes, proteins, hormones, and other particles to leave Cell transport – the movement of particles through the cell membrane into or out of the cell NUTRIENTS WATER WASTE OXYGEN CARBON DIOXIDE

Cell Membranes ALL CELLS HAVE A CELL MEMBRANE Cell membrane- two layered “door” to the factory that’s made of lipids and proteins Selectively-permeable-only certain things pass through Aids in homeostasis—maintaining stable conditions within the cell

Cell Membranes

Phospholipid Structure Each phospholipid of the cell membrane has two ends: Hydrophilic = “water loving” head Hydrophobic = “water fearing” tail

Cell Membrane Structure

Cell Membrane Proteins Receptor proteins- allow cells to talk to one another Cells send “messages” and others receive them with receptors. Hormones-cellular messages Ex.) Testosterone

Cell Membrane Proteins Marker proteins -gives your cells an “identity” Distinguishes your cells from other cells Blood and tissue types Immune system A marker B marker A and B markers No marker

Cell Membrane Proteins Channel proteins -allow molecules to pass through the membrane Create a channel through the lipids of the membrane Selective about what passes through

Natural Movement of Particles Things move naturally from high to low concentrations. Spray of perfume Fart Cooking popcorn Nutrients in bloodstream Start out highly concentrated, but molecules move outward to areas of low concentration Very low or no concentration High concentration

Which container has the highest concentration of particles? What would happen to the particles if we connected containers A and C?

Natural Movement of Particles Movement of particle across cells membranes work the same way The cell creates an environment inside that may be different from the outside If the concentrations are different between the inside of the cell and the outside, particles and molecules will move until they are equal inside and out

are molecules that can pass through the cell membrane is a cell membrane A) B) Draw arrows representing which way the molecules will naturally move

Particles Different particles are transported differently across the cell membrane The cell membrane is selective Smaller molecules can pass through Larger molecules and charged molecules cannot.

Cell Transport Two types of transport of particles across the cell membrane: Passive—no energy (ATP) Active—takes energy (ATP)

Passive vs. Active Transport Passive transport – type of movement of particles across the cell membrane from high to low concentrations with no energy (ATP) needed “Paddling with the current” Types of passive transport Diffusion Osmosis Active transport is just the opposite…low to high that requires energy

Passive Transport -Diffusion Diffusion – natural movement of particles from high to low concentration Passive-no ATP needed Occurs until equilibrium is reached This is how some things are transported through the cell membrane High oxygen concentration in blood from breathing diffuses into blood cells

Passive Transport -Osmosis Why do I care? Osmosis-diffusion of water across the cell membrane from high to low concentrations Passive-no ATP needed Water passes easily through the semi-permeable cell membrane.

Is There Such a Thing as Too Much Water? Water can go through the cell membrane very easily High concentrations of water in your blood will move into your cells Why should I care?