TRIBOCHEMISTRY - KYOTO, September 2 nd – 4 th, 2009 —Kyoto, Japan Tribochemistry by Quantum Mechanics Thomas Prevenslik Discovery Bay, Hong Kong, China 1

TRIBOCHEMISTRY - KYOTO, September 2 nd – 4 th, 2009 —Kyoto, Japan Background About 600 BC, the Greeks found rubbing amber rods with a cloth attracted feathers. Electrons rubbed off? Einstein showed electromagnetic and not mechanical energy may remove electrons from atoms. Electrons are more tightly bound to atoms than atoms are bound to each other. Rubbing is likely to only produce neutral clusters of atoms 2

TRIBOCHEMISTRY - KYOTO, September 2 nd – 4 th, 2009 —Kyoto, Japan Hypothesis Static electricity observed for over 2000 years cannot be reconciled unless the clusters of atoms produced by rubbing somehow produce electromagnetic radiation that by the photoelectric effect charges the surroundings. 3 neutral

TRIBOCHEMISTRY - KYOTO, September 2 nd – 4 th, 2009 —Kyoto, Japan Purpose 4 Show Tribochemistry by QM is the photolytic enhancement of chemical reactions by QED induced EM radiation induced in NPs that form upon the rubbing of surfaces QM = Quantum Mechanics QED = Quantum Electro Dynamics NPs = Nanoparticles

TRIBOCHEMISTRY - KYOTO, September 2 nd – 4 th, 2009 —Kyoto, Japan QED induced EM radiation Classically, heat is conserved by an increase in temperature. But at the nanoscale, QM forbids heat to be conserved by an increase in temperature because specific heat vanishes. QED allows heat to be conserved at the nanoscale by the emission of nonthermal EM radiation 5

TRIBOCHEMISTRY - KYOTO, September 2 nd – 4 th, 2009 —Kyoto, Japan QM Restrictions QM induces the creation of photons of wavelength by supplying EM energy to a box with walls separated upon /2. For a spherical NP of diameter D having refractive index n r > 1: 6 QM restricts the heat content of atoms depending on temperature and EM confinement given by the Einstein-Hopf relation

TRIBOCHEMISTRY - KYOTO, September 2 nd – 4 th, 2009 —Kyoto, Japan NPs have Zero Heat Content 7 NPs eV

TRIBOCHEMISTRY - KYOTO, September 2 nd – 4 th, 2009 —Kyoto, Japan Specific heat vanishes in NPs 8 5 micronsNPs

TRIBOCHEMISTRY - KYOTO, September 2 nd – 4 th, 2009 —Kyoto, Japan QED radiation in NPs Specific Heat Vanishes No Temperature change VUV Emission = 2Dn r Joule Heat Laser/Solar/Supernova Photons Molecular Collisions Residual Thermal kT Energy NP 13

TRIBOCHEMISTRY - KYOTO, September 2 nd – 4 th, 2009 —Kyoto, Japan Tribochemistry 10

TRIBOCHEMISTRY - KYOTO, September 2 nd – 4 th, 2009 —Kyoto, Japan Transient /Steady Charging 11

TRIBOCHEMISTRY - KYOTO, September 2 nd – 4 th, 2009 —Kyoto, Japan Transient Charging Total kT Energy Charge For D 6 eV  Y < U < 30 fJ / NP q < 0.5 fC / NP

TRIBOCHEMISTRY - KYOTO, September 2 nd – 4 th, 2009 —Kyoto, Japan Transient Charging At D =45 nm, peak N e ~ 3000 at WF ~ 6 eV consistent with q = eN e = 0.5 fC At D = 7 nm, E P ~ 48 eV and N e ~ 10 At D ~ 0.3 nm, E P ~ 1 keV and N e < 1 1 keV electrons not possible in transient charging 13

TRIBOCHEMISTRY - KYOTO, September 2 nd – 4 th, 2009 —Kyoto, Japan Transient Charging 14 D =.3 nm 1 keV, Ne < 1 D =7 nm 48 eV, Ne ~ 10 D =45 nm 6 eV, Ne ~ 3000

TRIBOCHEMISTRY - KYOTO, September 2 nd – 4 th, 2009 —Kyoto, Japan Steady Charging Collision Power Photolysis Power Current 15 For D 6 eV  Y < 0.1 MW of PFPE ~ 2000 and p = 1 at D = 50 nm Q C = 4.6 nW I = 75 pA

TRIBOCHEMISTRY - KYOTO, September 2 nd – 4 th, 2009 —Kyoto, Japan Steady Charging 16 Q C = 4.6 nW I = 75 pA

TRIBOCHEMISTRY - KYOTO, September 2 nd – 4 th, 2009 —Kyoto, Japan Steady Charging At D = 45 nm, the rate dN e /dt ~ 4x10 8 /s per NP is consistent with 10 9 /s data At D = 0.3 nm and E P = 1 keV, dN e /dt ~ 100 /s 1 keV electrons produced in steady charging 17

TRIBOCHEMISTRY - KYOTO, September 2 nd – 4 th, 2009 —Kyoto, Japan Steady Charging 18 D =45 nm 6 eV, 10 8 / s D =.3 nm 1 keV, 100/ s

TRIBOCHEMISTRY - KYOTO, September 2 nd – 4 th, 2009 —Kyoto, Japan Tribomicroplasma Tribochemistry by a tribomicroplasma comprised of electrons balanced by positive charged ions is consistent with the photolytic process driven by QED induced EM radiation 19

TRIBOCHEMISTRY - KYOTO, September 2 nd – 4 th, 2009 —Kyoto, Japan Conclusions Tribochemistry may be considered photochemistry under QED induced EM radiation at VUV levels from NPs that form upon rubbing surfaces. Charge is produced at the instant NPs form in rubbing Current is produced after the NPs form during collisions of surrounding solute molecules Circumstantial evidence of QED induced radiation everywhere, but need direct evidence 20

TRIBOCHEMISTRY - KYOTO, September 2 nd – 4 th, 2009 —Kyoto, Japan Extensions Einstein’s Static Universe Redshift in NPs means Universe is not expanding and dark energy does not exist. NP induced DNA damage Solute collisions with NPs initiate Cancer from steady VUV induced DNA damage Gecko walking on walls and ceilings Spatulae under index of refraction EM confinement produce electrostatic attraction Unification of Static Electricity Rubbing of surfaces produces NPs that charge the surroundings. Nanocatalysts and Chemiluminescence Gold NPs added to chemical reactants in solution enhance chemical reactions X-rays from peeling Scotch Tape NPs that form as adhesive tears accumulates charge that at breakdown produces x-rays Casimir force EM confinement of BB thermal radiation in gap between parallel plates produces attraction Thermophones Produce sound in thin films without changing film temperature 21

TRIBOCHEMISTRY - KYOTO, September 2 nd – 4 th, 2009 —Kyoto, Japan Questions & Papers or This talk from paper “Tribochemistry”,