History, Development And Need of Improved Cook Stove (ICS) in Nepal Presented By Manish Gurung 03/BE(Agri)/063 A PRESENTATION ON

Presentation Outlines Introduction Need of ICS in Nepal Historical Development of ICS Initiation of National ICS Programme Strategies of ICS Programme Ongoing National ICS Programme Progress Status Of ICS Programme Lessons Learned Major Issues and Constraints Conclusion

1. Introduction  A cook stove (Ageno or Chulo) is a device located in specific location where fuel is burnt for cooking purposes. Fig. Women cooking in a Traditional Cook stove  A modified version of the traditional cooking stove is the Improved Cook Stove (ICS).  Certain features have been modified to make them more efficient. Fig. Improved Cook stove

Components of ICS Fire Box Grate Chimney Baffle Damper Pot hole

Fire box Chimney Damper Pot hole Baffle Contd….. Fig. Cross sectional view of ICS

Fig. Internal View of ICS when fuel is burning

Types of Domestic ICS a)One pot hole ICS b)Two pot hole ICS c)Three pot hole ICS Fig. One pot hole ICS

Contd……. Fig. Two pot hole Fig. Three pot hole type

 The total primary energy consumption of Nepal in 2005 was 369 MGJ, where traditional, commercial and alternative energy sources contributed about 322 (87%), 44 (12%) and 2 (1%) MGJ respectively(WECS, 2005).  The main source of energy in rural household is firewood which is 94.1%.  In urban areas, the main source of energy are firewood, kerosene and other sources of commercial energy which accounts about 39%, 35% and 25% respectively (CBS, 2003). Energy consumption in Nepal

Contd….. Table. Main Type of Fuel Used for Cooking by Development Region Source: CBS, Population Census, 2001

Need of ICS in Nepal  ICS requires less fuel wood as compared to traditional cook stove so it is used as cook stove in rural area of Nepal. 1)To reduce the fuel wood consumption Fig. Fuel wood consumption trend (MT/household/year) (source : IUCN)

2)To save the time of cooking The average saving in cooking time has been 22 minute with the installation of ICS (Karki, 2005). Contd……. 3)To improve the social condition a)Changes in Behaviors Male family members also starts cooking when cooking became easy and convenient for them and also due to smokeless environment within the kitchen. Fig. Male member of family cooking on ICS

d) Safety From Fire Hazard  Traditional stoves viz. three stone and tripod type are open but ICS is closed type and the furnace is not that much open to allow the flames come back. Contd……. c) Improve in Economic Situation of Female Economic status is improved by  Reduction in visit to doctor and jhakri so medical expense also get reduced.  Cloths are less dirty than before and expenses of detergent is reduced. b) Improvement in the Health of Rural People Improve in respiratory as well as ophthalmic problems Improve in Chest pain Headache problem

4)To reduce the drudgery condition of women The drudgery condition has improved by :  the utensils do not get misty and less time is required to clean them  the clothes are cleaner than before ICS installation  they have reduced the frequency of wood collection  they get enough time for field work and other household chores due to time saved from cooking as well as fuel wood collection. Contd……

HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF ICS IN NEPAL  The Indian stove models, the Hyderabad and Magan Chulo, were the first Improved Cooking Stoves, introduced in Nepal, during the 1950s.  In the 1960s, an Agro-engineering workshop in the Department of Agriculture developed a mould-based stove model. Fig. Hyderabad chulo (Source:

 In the 1980s, HMG/The National Planning Commission initiated dissemination of ceramic pre fabricated stoves, supported by FAO and UNDP in its sixth 5 year Plan.  New initiatives for ICS dissemination have been underway since 1990s with new stoves design that can be built completely from cheap readily available local materials  Until l998, 95,000 ICS have been distributed or installed at various districts in the country. Contd…….

INITIATION OF THE NATIONAL ICS PROGRAMME  In the Nine 5 th year plan the National ICS program has been initiated in Nepal from early 1999 with the support from ESAP of DANIDA and AEPC of the HMG/N.  The program is implemented through various implementing partners like Department of Women Development (DWD), Centre for Rural Technology, Nepal (CRT/N) and other district level NGOs and CBOs.

Contd……  There has always been difference in approaches among various organizations involved in ICS promotion and dissemination. Some organizations provide direct subsidy for ICS installation but National ICS Program has avoided ‘direct end user subsidy’.  The type of ICS promoted is made up of 3-part mud/earth, 2 parts straw/husk and 1 part animal dung. Fig. Construction of ICS

Objective of Programme Overall Objectives Specific Objectives  To promote the use of renewable energy technology  To raise the living standard of the rural people  To protect the environment and to develop commercially viable alternative energy industries in the country.  To improve of traditional stoves.  To raise awareness among the rural people towards adopting the environment friendly technology  To empower women & involve in income generating activities. Contd…..

Map showing the program implemented districts Fig. Coverage area of project (Source: ESAP,2006)

Contd……  First, various types of ICS were designed and then after the success of initial demonstration phase, the community people became interested to install the ICSs.  Different promotional activities were carried out by SPs through radio, school programme, hoarding board, posters, calendar and exhibition.  AEPC produced guide book for the users and promoters. Resource Inputs and Allocation Fig. Promoter's manual for ICSFig. User's manual for ICS

STRATEGIES OF ICS PROGRAMME CAPACITY BUILDING STRATEGY INFORMATION AND AWARENESS STRATEGY  The local people, preferably women, would be trained as promoter who creates demand of ICS in rural area.  The institutional and technical manpower with the rural communities are consolidated and allowing these to continue ICS dissemination after withdrawal of external support.  Local communities and the end users are involved in the Information Campaign activities and dissemination process.  The benefits of the technology is informed and awared to rural people through Information and Awareness Campaign.

DISSEMINATION STRATEGY  Apart from this the local information campaign would also be encouraged in the district level. Contd…..  The interaction between the user and the technology is increased to achieve potential efficiency of technology.  The efforts are directed to the training of Promoters and making the technology as user-friendly as possible.  The programme is implemented by NGOs and GOs and CBOs who would be also responsible for, trainings, technical backstopping, monitoring and supervision of the programme.

BARRIER FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF ICS PROGRAMME IN NEPAL  There was not direct subsidy provision on the renewable subsidy policy 2000 for ICS.  The current subsidy policy 2006 also do not provide direct subsidy for hilly and mid hilly region but helps to promote local level organizations.  Development and implementation of ICS sector is more dominant by the foreign development partners.  The inability of Nepalese Government to assure the sectoral development of ICS program by institutionalizing and self propagating in market.

ON GOING NATIONAL ICS PROGRAMME  The National ICS Programme has already promoted 35,000 ICS in the 11 middle hill districts of Nepal so far is very close to the target for the first phase (up to 2004) i.e. 40,000.  The Programme has already produced around 850 promoters (50% are women) out of which more than 50% are still active.

IMPLEMENTATION PROCESS Establishment of ICS Promotion Unit in the district. Identification of Suitable Local Partners for collaboration. Program Initiation Workshop Baseline and Need Assessment Training of Partner Staffs Identification, Selection and Training of Local Promoters Village wise Orientation and Demonstration ICS installation, Monitoring, Follow-up and Technical Testing and Promoters Regular Meeting.

Contd….. Participatory Monitoring Annual Review and Planning Certification and Award to Best Promoters Formation of Promoters Association Phase out and Extension of Program to New Areas Fig. Training for promoter on ICS Fig. Demonstration of ICS

VISION FOR THE FUTURE  ICS dissemination will be spreaded to all the mid-hills of Nepal and some mountain and terai districts.  A large number of NGOs and substantial number of community-based organizations will be mobilized to develop purely market based ICS dissemination through out the country.  The training manuals and awareness campaign materials will be developed to contribute in meeting the national plan target of ICS dissemination.

Progress Status Of ICS Programme  In early 1950’s, more than 200,000 ICS have been installed  ICS Network in Nepal has been established in 1995 in which various organizations were under the umbrella working in the field of ICS  From 2001 as of march 2005, 1,25,498 ICS have been installed in the country under ICS programme in 33 districts(AEPC,2005).  In Tenth Five Year Plan ( ) about % of the target 2,50,000 ICS was achieved in the first four years.

Lesson learnt  Demand generation from the community members themselves is very important for acceptance of the technology and its sustainability.  Involvement of local organizations in ICS dissemination and their capacity building is essential.  Development of technical service providers or promoters at local level create an opportunity for self employment at local level.

MAJOR ISSUES AND CONSTRAINTS IN DEVELOPMENT AND PROMOTION OF ICS Technical  Holes pots are too small to accommodate the large pots used in many household.  The baffle is too small to achieve good heat transfer.  ICS cannot provide both space heating and cooking, especially important in higher hill and mountain. Financial  ICS programme are largely depending on funding from external donors rather than on mobilization of internal funds

Contd……. POLICY AND INSTITUTIONAL  Lack of interaction between researchers, extension agencies and policy planners, as well as between producers and users.  Overemphasis on achieving dissemination targets with little attention given to extension and monitoring.  AEPC has overall responsibility for development and promotion of ICS which has been adopting subsidy less promotion of ICS.  No national policy framework and program direction integrating ICS.

Conclusion  It is essential to promote and disseminate a range of different, affordable and culturally acceptable ICS to communities.  It is necessary to involve the local communities and the end users through local information campaign.  After programme is launched, effective supervision towards the programme is necessary which determines whether the programme becomes beneficial or not.  Further research towards the ICS should be required in order to increase the efficiency of cook stove.

References A study on Analysis of Rural Energy Programs with Respect to their linkages with poverty reduction, April 2005, AEPC/ESAP. Karki, S Optimization of Design Parameter of ICS used in Eastern Terai Region of Nepal, pp-38 National Energy Situation Report Nepal- Focus on Renewable Energy and Poverty Reduction, CRT Nepal, 2005 Paper presented at the National Training Workshop in Integration of Energy and Rural Development pf Policies and Programmes in Nepal, CRT/N and WECS,2005

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