“Good” =EffectiveEthical Goals Balance of realism and risk in vision Values of Intentions, goals MeansEfficiency of means to endsQuality of means used ConsequencesSuccess in achieving group’s goals Good results for in-group and for outsiders Two Meanings of Good Leadership Source: Nye Jr, J. S. (2008), The Powers to Lead

Ethical Lapses Competition- Destructive achievers Egoistic lapses -“Bathsheba Syndrome”- morale failure of successful leaders- complacency and privileged access – Morality is magnified in leadership. Cognitive dimensions- impartial standards do not apply to them because they are leaders

Why Ethics? Leadership is a particular type of human relationship marked by power/influence, vision, obligation and responsibility. Ethics is about human relationship, and about what leaders should do and what they should be like as human beings, as members of society and in roles they play (Cieula, J. B.)

Leadership Ethics Leadership ethics is concerned with:- – customs, conduct or character – Values that society finds desirable or appropriate – Virtuousness (purity) of leaders and their motives – Moral principles by which leaders are guided in making decisions about what is “right or wrong” or “good or bad” in particular situation

Perspectives in Leadership Ethics…. Conduct (actions) Character (who they are as people)

Conduct – Consequences of actions (teleological perspective) Assessment of consequences through – Ethical egoism-greatest good for oneself – Utilitarianism- greatest good for greatest number – Altruism- actions purely in interest of others – Duty or rules governing actions (deontological perspectives) Assessment of whether action itself is good irrespective of consequences- “Duty” or “Rules” – Telling truth, keeping promises, being fair, respecting others – inherently good independent of consequences – Actions and moral responsibilities to do right things (ML)

Leadership Ethics…. Character perspective (Virtue) – Virtues are rooted in the heart of individuals and in their character -Who leaders are as people – It is about being and becoming good, worthy human being – Virtues are present within individual character and when practiced over time they become part of the persons themselves – From telling truth people can become truthful, from being fair one can become just…

Leadership Ethics…. Virtues of Ethical person ? – Courage, temperance, generosity, self-control, honesty, sociability, modesty, fairness and justice… (Aristotle) – Perseverance, public spiritedness, integrity, truthfulness, fidelity, benevolence and humility…… (Veleasquez) “Our virtues are derived from our actions and our actions manifest our virtues” Source: Northouse P G

Ethical dimensions leadership Ethics of a leader as a person Ethics of leader -follower relationship Ethics of process of leadership Ethics of what leaders should or should not do

Ethical issues “Leaders do not have to be power hungry psychopaths to do unethical things nor do they have to be altruistic saints to be ethical” The quest is “how ordinary leaders and followers help each other to become ethical and make better moral decisions” Cieula J B

What should be the ideals (principles) of Ethical Leadership? Respect for others Service to others Showing Justice Manifesting Honesty Building Community Source: Leadership, Northouse

Ethical Leadership & Leadership Responsibility “Eudaimonea” happiness is the end to which we aim in life. (Aristotle) A happy life is one where we flourish as human beings (materially and morally) How does an ethical (and effective) leader contribute to/ and allow people to flourish in terms of their lives as a whole? How does a leader interfere with the ability of the other groups to create material and social conditions under which people can and do flourish? (Adapted from Ceiula J B)

Public Service Ethics What are the Ethical Codes of Conduct for Civil Servants inBhutan?

Awakened Leadership “An awakened leader maintains a high level of alertness in every regard: towards him or herself and his or her driving motives in various matters; towards people he or she guides; towards the organisation he or she leads; toward the environment in which his or her organisation operates and towards the entire universe”. Source: Harung, Travis, Blank and Heaton in Marques, J (2011); Visiting Nirvana: the Eight Steps Every Awakened Leader Takes, Journal of Global Business Issues 5.1, 21-27, 81