PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E By Richard Saferstein 1 Chapter 1 Introduction

PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E By Richard Saferstein 2 Definition Application of science to criminal and civil laws Application of science to those criminal and civil laws Enforced by police agencies in a criminal justice system

PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E By Richard Saferstein 3 History and Development of Forensic Science Important Names

PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E By Richard Saferstein 4 History Mathieu Orfila—the father of forensic toxicology. Alphonse Bertillion—devised the first scientific system of personal identification in Francis Galton—conducted the first definitive study of fingerprints and their classification.

PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E By Richard Saferstein 5 History Leone Lattes—developed a procedure to determine blood type from dried bloodstains. Calvin Goddard—used a comparison microscope to determine if a particular gun fired a bullet. Albert Osborn—developed the fundamental principles of document examination.

PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E By Richard Saferstein 6 Figure 1–1 Bertillon’s system of bodily measurements as used for the identification of an individual. Courtesy Sirchie Finger Print Laboratories, Inc., Youngsville, N.C.,

PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E By Richard Saferstein 7 History Walter McCrone—utilized microscopy and other analytical methodologies to examine evidence. Hans Gross—wrote the first treatise describing the application of scientific principles to the field of criminal investigation.

PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E By Richard Saferstein 8 History Edmond Locard—incorporared Gross’ principles within a workable crime laboratory. Locard’s Exchange Principle—states that when a criminal comes in contact with an object or person, a cross-transfer of evidence occurs.

PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E By Richard Saferstein 9 The Crime Lab Rapid growth Lack of national and regional planning and coordination. Approximately 350 public crime laboratories

PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E By Richard Saferstein 10 The Crime Lab Result of: –Supreme court decisions in the 1960s Greater emphasis on scientifically evaluated evidence –Drug specimens Accelerated drug abuse –DNA profiling

PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E By Richard Saferstein 11 Employment Outlook Increased reliance by police agencies on civilian personnel Highly ‑ sophisticated scientific analysis of evidence DNA databank of convicted offenders (state & national) Re ‑ opening of old cases

PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E By Richard Saferstein 12 Crime Lab Organization

PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E By Richard Saferstein 13 Five Basic Services –Physical science unit: Chemistry Physics Geology Identify and compare physical evidence –Biology unit: Blood samples Body fluids Hair Fiber samples

PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E By Richard Saferstein 14 Five Basic Services –Firearms Unit: Discharged bullets Cartridge cases Shotgun shells Ammunition –Document unit: Handwriting analysis Other questioned-document

PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E By Richard Saferstein 15 Technical Support –Photographic Unit: Specialized photographic techniques Record and examine physical evidence –Optional services Toxicology Fingerprint analysis Voiceprint analysis Evidence collection Polygraph administration

PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E By Richard Saferstein 16 Functions of the Forensic Scientist

PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E By Richard Saferstein 17 Job Activities: analysis Biological and physical analysis of evidence gathered from a crime or accident scene Judicial “generally accepted” (Frye v. US) Trial judge as gatekeeper

PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E By Richard Saferstein 18 Job Activities: testimony Court testimony “Expert” witness Evaluation of evidence Opinion offered No absolute certainty

PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E By Richard Saferstein 19 The Frye Standard Set guidelines for determining the admissibility of scientific evidence into the courtroom Must be “generally accepted” by the scientific community

PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E By Richard Saferstein 20 Daubert Criteria Technique/theory tested Peer reviewed Rate of error Standards for operation Widespread acceptance within scientific community

PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E By Richard Saferstein 21 Job Activities: training Training in recognition, collection and preservation of evidence Agencies without 24/7 evidence techs Officers trained

PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E By Richard Saferstein 22 Special Forensic Science Services

PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E By Richard Saferstein 23 Additional Specialization DNA analysis –Human –Non human Criminalistics Latent prints Pollen Arson Engineering sciences Physical anthropology Psychiatry Pathology Odontology Toxicology Entomology Geology Jurisprudence

PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E By Richard Saferstein 24 Figure 1–8 Typical blowfly life cycle from egg deposition to adult fly emergence. This cycle is representative of any one of the nearly ninety species of blowflies in North America. Courtesy E. P. Catts, Ph.D., deceased, and Neal H. Haskell, Ph.D., forensic entomology consultant

PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E By Richard Saferstein 25 Forensic Pathology Investigation of unnatural, unexplained, or violent deaths Medical examiners or coroners Determines cause of death Conducts autopsy

PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E By Richard Saferstein 26 Stages Of Death Rigor mortis –Shortening of muscle tissue –Stiffening of body parts in the position at death –First 24 hours to 36 hours post mortem

PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E By Richard Saferstein 27 Stages Of Death –Livor mortis Settling of blood in areas of the body closest to the ground Begins immediately on death and continues up to 12 hours

PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E By Richard Saferstein 28 Stages Of Death –Algor mortis Loss of heat by a body Begins about an hour after death Loses heat by 1 to 1-1/2 degrees fahrenheit per hour until the body reaches the environmental temperature

PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E By Richard Saferstein 29 Summary

PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E By Richard Saferstein 1. Ted Bundy was an American serial killer who was convicted on the basis of which type of forensic evidence? A. Bite marks C. DNA fingerprinting B. Latent fingerprints D. Ballistics 30

PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E By Richard Saferstein Answer #1 1. Ted Bundy was an American serial killer who was convicted on the basis of which type of forensic evidence? A. Bite marks B. Latent fingerprints C. DNA fingerprinting D. Ballistics 31

PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E By Richard Saferstein 2. The time of death can be calculated by various means. One is rigor mortis, Latin for 'the stiffness of death'. Another indication is livor mortis or lividity. What does this term refer to? A. Cloudiness in the eyes B. Gravitational pooling of blood C. Degree of digestion of stomach contents D. Relaxation of muscles following to rigor mortis 32

PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E By Richard Saferstein Answer #2 2. The time of death can be calculated by various means. One is rigor mortis, Latin for 'the stiffness of death'. Another indication is livor mortis or lividity. What does this term refer to? A. Cloudiness in the eyes B. Gravitational pooling of blood C. Degree of digestion of stomach contents D. Relaxation of muscles following to rigor mortis Livor is Latin for 'a black and blue spot' and refers to the discoloration of the skin in the lowest part of a body resulting from the gravitational pooling of blood. 33

PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E By Richard Saferstein 3. When attempting to identify a skeleton, craniofacial morphology (the structure and form of the skull and face) is the best indicator of race. One group of human beings has a unique, rounded jaw bone which is called a 'rocker jaw'. This is a characteristic of which ethnic group? A. Australian Aborigines C. African Americans B. Chinese D. Hawaiians 34

PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E By Richard Saferstein Answer #3 3. When attempting to identify a skeleton, craniofacial morphology (the structure and form of the skull and face) is the best indicator of race. One group of human beings has a unique, rounded jaw bone which is called a 'rocker jaw'. This is a characteristic of which ethnic group? A. Australian Aborigines C. African Americans B. Chinese D. Hawaiians 35