CHAPTER 9 PART 1 STNT Case Study Klamath River Case Study Ogallala Aquifer pg. 238 Case Study Dust Bowl – pg 241

Chapter 9 Water Resources Part 1

Dams and Salmon on the Klamath River 1. Where is the Klamath river? 2. Describe the changes that have occurred in this river affecting the salmon population? 3. Explain the migratory pattern of the salmon involving this river. Add to your map

4. What was the cause of less water flowing into this river? 5. How did the U. S. Endangered Species Act protect the salmon? 6. What is the current debate? 7. What is the condition today?

Water on Earth % of earth is water % salt water (round) % freshwater (round) Locations of freshwater % accessible for use Usable water is rare! Remember the rhyme of the Ancient Marnier!

Ground Water Define aquifer Unconfined Confined Water table Ground Water Recharge Recharge area Differences in water in confined and unconfined aquifers. Aquifer more like an elongated sponge.

Ground Water Well Artesian well Define springs. including their source.

Case Study: Aquifer Depletion in the U.S. Largest known aquifer in US. Location. Uses of this water. Results of large scale withdrawal of water from a confined aquifer. Add to your map

Case Study Ogallala Aquifer 1. Where has the biggest change in the water-level occurred? 2. What is the cause of the change to the aquifer? 3. Where is the Ogallala aquifer the thickest?

Greatest Aquifer Depletion Fig. 13-9, p. 322

Cone of Depression Definition of cone of depression Problems associated with a cone of depression

Saltwater Intrusion Define Cause

Surface Water Define World’s three largest rivers in terms of volume of water. ◦ Amazon ◦ Congo ◦ Yangtze Add to map

World’s Largest Lakes Characteristics used to determine size of a lake. Difference between lake and sea. Lakes with salt water. Seas that are now lakes. Formation of lakes.

Human Civilization Why did first settlements begin on major rivers? Describe a floodplain including cause and value.

Classification of Lakes Classification by primary productivity Oligotrophic lakes Steep banks – little vegetation Very cold water Deep Fed by glaciers and snowmelt – turbulent Crystal clear High DO Productivity?

Mesotrophic Lakes Most biologically diverse Emergent vegetation Bank vegetation Cold in winter Warm in summer Many invertebrates Productivity?

Eutrophic Lakes Lots of algae Murky green/brown Warm water Tropical locations Productivity?

Cultural Eutrophication Define Anthropogenic causes and effects

Freshwater/Saltwater Wetlands Functions

Atmospheric Water Atmospheric water is essential to global water distribution. % of global water that is atmospheric water. Effects of Droughts Human lives Livestock Crops Long term soil effect:

Case Study – The Dust Bowl 1. What were the anthropogenic causes leading to the Dust storms of 1935? 2. Why was April 14, 1935 called “Black Sunday”? 3. What is the nickname for the Great Plains as a result of these storms? 4. What was the impact of the dust storms? 5. Why are dust storms unlikely today?

be%20dust%20bowl&source=web&cd=1&cad=rj a&sqi=2&ved=0CDEQtwIwAA&url=http%3A%2 F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3Dx2Ci DaUYr90&ei=HS6sUIKhCIT68QSEhIDYBg&usg= AFQjCNE12jAiXbUYPhsQOu65_yn-RaJjug be%20dust%20bowl&source=web&cd=1&cad=rj a&sqi=2&ved=0CDEQtwIwAA&url=http%3A%2 F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3Dx2Ci DaUYr90&ei=HS6sUIKhCIT68QSEhIDYBg&usg= AFQjCNE12jAiXbUYPhsQOu65_yn-RaJjug Soil Conservation Act of 1936

Flooding Many drought-prone areas of the world rarely experience high amount of rainfall, but when it does, severe flooding can occur. Anthropogenic causes of flooding Impermeable surfaces

Anthropogenic Water Alteration Ways to live with variations in water availability Levees Dikes Dams Aqueducts

Levees Description Purpose. Disadvantage

Hurricane Katarina – New Orleans On 29 August 2005 there were over 50 failures of the levees protecting New Orleans following passage of Hurricane Katrina. The levee and flood wall failures caused flooding in 80% of New Orleans. Tens of billions of gallons of water spilled into vast areas of New Orleans, flooding over 100,000 homes and businesses. Responsibility for the design and construction of the levee system belongs to the United States Army Corps of Engineers. All investigations agree that the primary cause of the flooding was inadequate design and construction by the Corps of Engineers. New Orleans is 12 feet below sea level. neworleans/hurricanes-new-orleans-under-threat/ neworleans/hurricanes-new-orleans-under-threat

Chapter 9 Part 2 Case Study – Three Gorges Dam pg. 243 Case Study – Aral Sea pg. 244

Dikes Description More common in northern Europe Windmills in the Netherlands

Dams Description Purpose of the dam and reservoir

Reservoirs Disadvantages

Case Study: China’s Three Gorges Dam 1. What is the claim to fame for this dam? 2. Where is this dam located? (which river) 3. What are the benefits of this dam? 4. What are the harmful effects?

Dams – Environmental Problems Interruption of the flow of water to which many organisms are adapted. Purpose of the fish ladder.

Aqueducts Description Purpose Advantages Disadvantages

The Colorado River Basin An Over-tapped Resource 2,300 km through 7 U.S. states. Dams and reservoirs. Located in a desert area within the rain shadow of the Rocky Mountains. Water supplied mostly from snowmelt of the Rocky Mountains.

The Colorado River Basin— An Over-tapped Resource Supplies water and electricity for more than 25 million people. Irrigation of crops. Recreation. Major problems associated with the Colorado river:

Case Study: The Aral Sea Disaster 1. Where is the Aral Sea? 2. What was the Aral Sea’s claim to fame? 3. What was the anthropogenic cause of the disaster of the Aral Sea?

Aral Sea 4. What were the results to the sea? 5. Describe the water in the Aral Sea now. 6. How has the climate been affected?

Economic And Health Concerns Once fishermen caught 50,000 tons of fish a year. Mine tailings from uranium mining buried in the area. Nuclear waste from nuclear weapons buried in the area. The Aral Sea region has one of the world’s highest rates of malformed or handicapped children.

Desalination Define Two desalination techniques Common problems associated with both

Distillation Process of distillation. Disadvantages

Reverse Osmosis Process of reverse osmosis Advantages over distillation

Saudi Arabia has the world’s largest number of desalination plants. U.S. is 2 nd.

Water Use Top three users of water Match the % to the user. ◦ 10% ◦ 20% ◦ 70% Per capita water use per day by countries.

Agricultural Use Largest use of water world-wide. In U.S. 1/3 of all freshwater is used for agriculture. Four major techniques for irrigating crops. ◦ Furrow ◦ Flood ◦ Spray ◦ Drip

Flood IrrigationFurrow Irrigation Description Use Effectiveness Advantages/Disadvantages Description Use Effectiveness Advantages/Disadvantages

Spray IrrigationDrip Irrigation Description Use Effectiveness Advantages/Disadvantages Description Use Effectiveness Advantages/Disadvantages

Hydroponic Agriculture Description Water use. Advantages Disadvantages

Industry Water Use Purposes Consumed vs not consumed water

Industry Water Consumption Thermoelectric power plants – generate heat using coal or nuclear reactors. Heat converts water to steam. Steam turns turbines. Steam is cooled in cooing towers and much is lost to atmosphere.

Household Water Use 10% of water used. Greater in developed countries

Indoor/Outdoor Household Water Use 15% of the world’s population does not have access to clean drinking water. Greatest use? Examples of outdoor household water use.

Water Usage Technology New toilets. ◦ So smooth even bacteria does not stick – flushed with a light mist. Reusing gray water. From baths, sinks, washers. Waterless composting toilets ◦ Convert human feces into dry, odorless soil-like material that can be removed yearly. ◦ Can not accept toilet paper Washer/Toilet Combo

Water Ownership Most water resources are owned by governments. Managed as publicly owned resources. Issues of water right and ownerships have led to conflicts between countries and within countries. Putting a dam in one country can certainly affect the flow of water though another country. Allocating a certain amount of water to each region of a country does not take into account the fact that nobody knows how much rain will fall or how much snow will melt.

Water Conflicts in the Middle East: Nile River Flows through 7 African countries. Used most by Ethiopia, Sudan and Egypt. Egypt is last in line. What are Egypt’s choices if the other countries build dams?

Tigris and Euphrates Rivers Turkey is located at the headwaters of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. Turkey controls the water. Turkey is planning 24 dams and Syria is planning 1 large dam. This could lead to war with Iraq.

2007: U.S. Geological Survey Projection Water hotspots Likely to face water shortages. Political and legal conflicts between states and between rural and urban areas within states.

Water Conservation Water conservation Improve irrigation efficiency. Improve collection efficiency. Use less in homes and businesses. Xeriscaping Technology Toilet before 1994 – 7 gallons per flush. After 1994 – 1.6 gallons per flush. Toilets that do not use water. Dual flush toilets – one for liquid/one for solids Reduced flow showerheads Front loading washing machines.

Water Withdrawals in U.S. What information do you get from this graph?