FIGURE 1.1. Three modern maps showing geology, landforms, and political boundaries; each relies on different forms of geographic representation and cartographic representation to communicate particular meanings. Representational concepts and conventions of color and scale are crucial to assuring that each map successfully communicates with its intended audience. From A Primer of GIS, 2nd edition, by Francis Harvey. Copyright 2016 by The Guilford Press.

FIGURE 1.2. Three thematic maps from the 19th century that demonstrate different geographic representations and cartographic representations of things and events. From Reprinted by permission of David Rumsey. From A Primer of GIS, 2nd edition, by Francis Harvey. Copyright 2016 by The Guilford Press.

FIGURE 1.3. GI and maps show things and events from built and natural environments. The primary difference is change. Things are static for the observer, whereas events record selected moments of a process. From A Primer of GIS, 2nd edition, by Francis Harvey. Copyright 2016 by The Guilford Press.

FIGURE 1.4. Events can be represented in maps both as representations of processes and as the resulting patterns. From A Primer of GIS, 2nd edition, by Francis Harvey. Copyright 2016 by The Guilford Press.

FIGURE 1.5. The power of maps often depends on the currency of the map. In 1844, when this map was prepared for the U.S. State Department, it played an important role in helping people understand the Texas conflict. From Reprinted by permission of David Rumsey. From A Primer of GIS, 2nd edition, by Francis Harvey. Copyright 2016 by The Guilford Press.

FIGURE 1.6. The power of maps is significant for associating organizations with a nation or region. This sign for the Polish Tourist Association uses an iconic representation of Poland’s national boundaries. It assures people associate its services with travel in Poland. From A Primer of GIS, 2nd edition, by Francis Harvey. Copyright 2016 by The Guilford Press.

FIGURE 1.7. Maps are generally distinguished by scale and whether they are thematic or topographic in nature. Each type shown here is characterized by different geographic and cartographic representation choices. From A Primer of GIS, 2nd edition, by Francis Harvey. Copyright 2016 by The Guilford Press.

FIGURE 1.9. Image showing the results of stream modeling combining a geographic representation of events and their translation into the cartographic representation of things. From wwwbrr.cr.usgs.gov/projects/SW_Math_mod/OpModels/MD_SWMS/Presentations/ Flood%20Inundation_files/v3document.htm. From A Primer of GIS, 2nd edition, by Francis Harvey. Copyright 2016 by The Guilford Press.

FIGURE Even simply flipping a map of the world so that Antarctica and Australia are at the top of the map can prove confusing because of the different cartographic representation, which is very unconventional. From A Primer of GIS, 2nd edition, by Francis Harvey. Copyright 2016 by The Guilford Press.

FIGURE A combination of maps and signs located on city streets aids people with finding their way, in many cities helping people understand the cartographic representation of the city and relate it to their own experiences. Mental maps usually reflect these understandings. From A Primer of GIS, 2nd edition, by Francis Harvey. Copyright 2016 by The Guilford Press.

FIGURE A directional map can be useful for finding some directions, but its geographic representation will fall short in supporting other uses, such as finding the way from the airport to a hotel. From A Primer of GIS, 2nd edition, by Francis Harvey. Copyright 2016 by The Guilford Press.

FIGURE An example of vector line data using a cartographic representation that distinguishes road types. From A Primer of GIS, 2nd edition, by Francis Harvey. Copyright 2016 by The Guilford Press.

FIGURE The same features from Figure 1.13 shown without any cartographic representation. From A Primer of GIS, 2nd edition, by Francis Harvey. Copyright 2016 by The Guilford Press.

FIGURE GI showing boundaries of countries can be projected in many ways. Both the top and bottom panel of this figure use the same boundary information, but create different projections. From A Primer of GIS, 2nd edition, by Francis Harvey. Copyright 2016 by The Guilford Press.