America’s History Eighth Edition America: A Concise History Sixth Edition CHAPTER 7 Hammering Out a Federal Republic 1787–1820 Copyright © 2014 by Bedford/St. Martin’s James A. Henretta Eric Hinderaker Rebecca Edwards Robert O. Self

I. The Political Crisis of the 1790s A. The Federalists Implement the Constitution 1. Devising the New Government -Washington elected president w/J. Adams as VP. Insists the pres. Has right to remove appointed gov. officials. Judiciary Act established fed. District courts in states. 2. The Bill of Rights -Madison submits 19 amendments. 10 are approved.

I. The Political Crisis of the 1790s B. Hamilton’s Financial Program 1. Public Credit: Redemption and Assumption -Would create permanent debt. Critics suspect speculators would unfairly profit. 2. Creating a National Bank -Hamilton argues bank would loan to merchants, handle gov. funds, issue credit. Jefferson argues the gov. doesn’t have the power to create the Bank. 3. Raising Revenue Through Tariffs -Hamilton urged expansion of manufacturing. Excise Tax + Revenue Tariff

I. The Political Crisis of the 1790s C. Jefferson’s Agrarian Vision 1. Southern planters and western farmers -South supports Jefferson. Argued wage labor of the North couldn’t support republican nation. Focused on farmers. FR Revolution disrupted European farming.

I. The Political Crisis of the 1790s D. The French Revolution Divides Americans 1. Ideological Politics -Some Americans supported Jacobin ideas: social egalitarian/democratic society. Strong Christians feared social rebellions. 2. Jay’s Treaty -Amer. Accepts Britain’s right to stop neutral ships. Britain has to remove troops + Indians from Northwest Territory 3. The Haitian Revolution - Toussaint L’Ouverture seizes control. Refugees go to US. US fears slave revolution

I. The Political Crisis of the 1790s E. The Rise of Political Parties 1. Public interest -Hamilton’s financial policies lead to a divide. Adams elected. XYZ affair disputes. 2. The Naturalization, Alien, and Sedition Acts of Federalists support deportation of foreigners, and prohibited publications with insults or attacks on Congress. 3. The “Revolution of 1800” -Bloodless transfer of power in orderly way can be done.

II. A Republican Empire Is Born A. Sham Treaties and Indian Lands 1. The Treaty of Greenville -Peace treaty between US and many Indians. Established boundaries for Indians and settlers. 2. Assimilation Rejected -US gov encourages assimilation into white culture

II. A Republican Empire Is Born B. Migration and the Changing Farm Economy 1. Southern Migrants -1) White tenants + yeomen farmers flocked to KY/TN, later OH/IN/IL. 2) S. planters/slaves move to Gulf of Mexico 2. Exodus from New England -Leave NE for NH, VT, ME, NY 3. Innovation on Eastern Farms -N. farmers potatoes, purchase equipment, year round work

II. A Republican Empire Is Born C. The Jefferson Presidency 1. Policies -Westward expansion. Smaller army 2. Marbury v. Madison -Supreme Court can’t enforce legislation, but can review legislation + interpret Constitution

II. A Republican Empire is Born D. Jefferson and the West 1. The Louisiana Purchase -Easier for farm families to aqccuire land in West. Purchases land from FR. Believed it would force Indians west. 2. Secessionist Schemes -NE Federalists considered starting confederacy of northeastern states, supported by A. Burr. 3. Lewis and Clark Meet the Mandans and Sioux -Gave detailed maps and accounts of resources in western wilderness.

Louisiana Purchase Adams-Onis Treaty For $15 million President Jefferson buys Louisiana Territory from Napoleon doubles size of U.S. sends Lewis & Clark exploring U.S. acquires Florida from Spain & defines U.S. – Mexico border

III. The War of 1812 and the Transformation of Politics A. Conflict in the Atlantic and the West 1. The Embargo of France and Britain prey on US ships. Jefferson bans all overseas trade to damage their economies. 2. Western War Hawks -Republicans blame Britain. Shawnee backed by Britain mobilize against US. War erupts in (NE thinks this could possibly annex Canada)

III. The War of 1812 and the Transformation of Politics B. The War of Federalists Oppose the War -NE opposes war, prohibits invasion of Canada. 2. Peace Overtures and a Final Victory - Increased national debt. Britain calls for peace. Treaty of Ghent (1814). Borders back to prewar. Jackson a hero after winning Battle of New Orleans.

III. The War of 1812 and the Transformation of Politics C. The Federalist Legacy 1. Marshall’s Federalist Law 2. Asserting National Supremacy -national over state statutes asserted 3. Upholding Vested Property Rights -advocated property rights of individuals 4. The Diplomacy of John Quincy Adams -Republican party embraced. John Quincy Adams negotiated Treaty of Ghent 5. Monroe Doctrine -America closed for colonization from Europe. US will not interfere with Europe