Skeletal System Part II Biology 2121

Bone Surface Markings Depressions and Openings Processes Fissures, foramens, fossa’s and a meatus Processes Form joints Condyles, heads, facets Form attachment points for CT Epicondyle, crest, spinous process, trochanter, tubercle, tuberosity

Fissures, Foramens, Fossas, etc. Eye Socket – Fissures Superior and inferior orbital fissures Optic Canal Foramens Foramen Magnum Mental Foramen Jugular Foramen Meatus Internal and External Acoustic meatus Fossa Mandibular Fossa

Sinuses

Processes That Form Joints Condyles Tibial Condyles Mandibular Condyles Heads Humerus, Femur Facets Ribs

Muscle and Ligament Attachment Sites – Projections Upper and Lower Limbs Epicondyles – femur and humerus Trochanter – femur Tuberosity – Deltoid (humerus) Tubercle – humerus

Projections- Ligament and Muscle Attachment– Other Locations Vertebrae Spinous process Transverse process Pelvis Iliac spine Iliac crest

Muscle and Ligament Attachments Scapula Coracoid process Acromion

The Skull 22 Cranial and Facial Bones ‘Flat Bones’ formed by intramembranous ossification Spongy bone in-between compact bone Cranial bones – held together by sutures Sutures are immovable joints (synarthrosis)

The Vertebral Column Vertebral Regions Keeping them together Longitudinal ligaments Intervertebral joints Intervetebral Discs Nucleus pulposus Annuls fibrosus “herniated discs” Superior and Inferior Articulating processes

Vertebral Column Vertebral Foramen- Canal Intervertebral Foramina Spinal Cord Intervertebral Foramina Spinal Nerves Rib Connection Thoracic – demifacets Transverse costal facets

Sternum Ties it all Together Anatomical Landmarks Jugular notch Sternal Angle Xiphisternal joint Clavicular Notch Sternoclavicular joint Coastal Cartilage and Ribs

Upper Limb Notes Important Joints Glenohumeral Elbow Radiocarpal Capitulum – Radial Head Trochlea – Coronoid process of Ulna Radiocarpal Radius and proximal carpals

Pelvic-Hip Girdle Notes Important Joints Coxal Sacroiliac Hip bones are called ‘ox coxae’ Three Regions Ilium Ischium Pubis

Comparing the Male and Female Pelvis Tilted forward more Cavity Bones are lighter, thinner Acetabula is smaller More rounded Male Pelvis Heavier, thicker More acute angle Cavity more narrow

Lower Limb Notes Femur articulates with the pelvis Hip – coxal joint Femur articulates with the lower leg bones Femoropatellar joint Tibiofibular joint Intertarsal joint Knee Joint

The Foot Tarsus Arches of the Foot Seven bones Calcaneus Talus Heel bone Talus Articulates with tibia and fibula Ankle! Arches of the Foot Talus – ‘keystone’ bone of medial longitudinal arch Cuboid – lateral longitudinal arch