N OTES N UCLEAR C HEMISTRY S TABLE VS U NSTABLE.

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Presentation transcript:

N OTES N UCLEAR C HEMISTRY

S TABLE VS U NSTABLE

W HAT IS A STABLE ATOM ? A stable atom has a nucleus with the right number of neutrons to keep the positive protons from breaking apart. Most atoms in our environment are stable (won’t break apart)

W HAT IS A STABLE A TOM ? Elements with atomic numbers 1-20 have equal # of neutrons to protons Elements with atomic numbers > 20 have more neutrons than protons Elements with atomic numbers > 83 are all unstable (Nucleus will break apart) and are radioactive

N UCLEAR S TABILITY Decay will occur in such a way as to return a nucleus to the band (line) of stability.

W HAT IS THE STRONG NUCLEAR FORCE ? The force neutrons have that keeps the positive protons together. What is the strong nuclear force?

W HAT ARE RADIOISOTOPES ? Radioisotopes are unstable isotopes of elements of any atomic number The nucleus will break apart and release radiation

Parent Nucleus Daughter Nucleus Radiation Particle

W HAT IS RADIOACTIVITY ? The emission (or release) of radiation from an unstable atom as the nucleus breaks apart

W HAT IS RADIOACTIVE DECAY ? The nucleus breaking apart, becoming a different element and releasing radiation Also called nuclear reactions

W HAT ARE THE TYPES OF R ADIATION ? When a nucleus breaks apart it can release one or more of the following:

A LPHA Alpha Radiation (Decay) - Parent nucleus ejects 2 protons and 2 neutrons called the alpha particle Daughter nucleus has atomic # decrease by 2 and mass # decrease by 4

A LPHA Alpha particle Identity: helium-4 nuclei Charge: 2+ Symbol: 4 2 He or 4 2 

B ETA Beta Radiation (Decay) Parent nucleus ejects an electron called the beta particle One neutron becomes a proton, creating the ejected electron from inside the nucleus Daughter nucleus has atomic number higher by 1 no change in mass

B ETA Beta particle Identity: high-speed electron Charge: 1- Symbol: 0 -1 e or 0 -1 β

GAMMA Gamma Radiation Pure energy released with alpha and beta radiation Does not effect atomic number or mass of daughter nucleus

GAMMA Gamma Ray Identity: high energy light wave, No particles Charge: none Symbol: 0 0 

W HAT IS THE PENETRATING ABILITY AND HEALTH HAZARD ? Alpha particles: low, stopped by paper Only dangerous if swallowed

W HAT IS THE PENETRATING ABILITY AND HEALTH HAZARD ? Beta particles: medium, stopped by heavy clothing Can damage skin

W HAT IS THE PENETRATING ABILITY AND HEALTH HAZARD ? Gamma Ray: high, stopped only by lead Can cause body cell damage –result cancer Can cause reproductive cell damage - result children malformed

G AMMA RADIATION AND CANCER TREATMENT

S UMMARY – FOR YOU TO COMPLETE