INDUSTRIALIZATION: ù Industrialization is the process of developing industries that use machines to produce goods. ù Industrial Revolution is the process by which European nations changed from mostly agricultural societies to industrialized ones.

Characteristics of Industrialization: ù Replacement of animal/human power by harnessed forms of natural energy  Steam  Electricity & Oil  Nuclear Power ù Making of goods by machines in factories ù Accompanied by…  Urbanization  New class structure  Slow but steady rise in standard of living  Mass consumption of goods

Why Great Britain? ù Improved agricultural practices = more food, less labor, cheaper prices ù Population growth = large labor force ù Many entrepreneurs with a ready supply of capital ù Plentiful natural resources ù Ready supply of markets

The Cottage Industry:

Innovations in Weaving & Spinning: Kay’s “flying shuttle Hargreaves’s “spinning jenny” Arkwright’s “water frame” Crompton’s “spinning mule”

Cartwright ’ s Power Loom Moved the workers from the cottage to the factory !

James Watt ’ s Steam Engine ( The Most Important Invention of the Industrial Revolution !

The Impact of the Railroad

The Factory × Rigid schedule. × hour day. × Dangerous conditions. × Mind-numbing monotony.

Crystal Palace Exhibition: 1851 Exhibitions of the new industrial utopia.

Industrialization By 1850

Second Industrial Revolution ( ù Power Sources:  Steel  Chemicals  Electricity  Petroleum ù Innovations:  Telegraphs, Telephones & Radios  Light Bulbs  Automobiles, Airplanes & Improved Ocean Liners

Child Labor in the Factories

Labor in the Mines Child “hurriers” “hurriers” Young Coal Miners Woman “hurriers” “hurriers”

Child Labor Today

The Industrial Revolution in Britain by 1850

The Growth of Manchester, England The Growth of Manchester, England

Industrial Manchester: World’s 1 st public railway: Liverpool to Manchester Cotton Mills, Ancoats- Lane, Manchester c. 1820

Manchester from a Distance 1857: Manchester from Kersal Moor, by William Wylde in Manchester acquired the nickname Cottonopolis during the early 19th century owing to its sprawl of textile factories.Kersal MoorCottonopolis

Worker Housing in Manchester:

Factory Workers at Home

Problem of Cholera The Silent Highwayman

View of Manchester 1870: Source: View from Blackfriars bridge over the River Irwell, The Graphic, weekly magazine dealing with social issues, 1870's.

Manchester Today:

The Skyline of Shanghai 1990-today The Skyline of Shanghai 1990-today 1990 today

Air Pollution in Shanghai:

Pollution in the Huangpu River:

Overcrowded Housing in Shanghai:

A Traffic Jam in Shanghai:

New Industrial Social Order New Elite Middle-Class Working Class “ Proletariat” Skilled & Semi-skilled workers  80% of pop; 40% of wealth “Bourgeoisie” Professionals & White-collar workers  15% of pop; 27% of wealth Aristocracy & Wealthy Industrialists  5% of pop; 33% of wealth

The Socialists: Utopians & Marxists × People as a society would operate and own the means of production, not individuals. × Their goal was a society that benefited everyone, not just a rich, well-connected few. × Utopians tried to build perfect communities [utopias]. × Marxists called for a worker revolution that would create a classless society [communism].

The Communist Manifesto, 1848 Karl Marx & Friedrich Engels × Key Ideas  Profit is based on exploitation  History is story of class struggle  Called for worker revolution against capitalist state × Workers of the World Unite! BourgeoisieProletariat Communism

Trade Union Movement V New associations formed by skilled laborers in # of new industries organized by socialists V Willing to strike to obtain goals V By 1914, they had bettered both the living & working conditions of the working class

CAPITALISMSOCIALISM Who owns means of production? Idea of Progress Basic Philosophy Distribution of Wealth Role of Gov’t in Economy

CAPITALISMSOCIALISM Who owns means of production? private individuals/ businesses Idea of Progress Basic Philosophy Distribution of Wealth Role of Gov’t in Economy

CAPITALISMSOCIALISM Who owns means of production? private individuals/ businesses community or state (gov’t) Idea of Progress Basic Philosophy Distribution of Wealth Role of Gov’t in Economy

CAPITALISMSOCIALISM Who owns means of production? private individuals/ businesses community or state (gov’t) Idea of Progressindividuals following own self-interest Basic Philosophy Distribution of Wealth Role of Gov’t in Economy

CAPITALISMSOCIALISM Who owns means of production? private individuals/ businesses community or state (gov’t) Idea of Progressindividuals following own self-interest Community of producers cooperate for good of all Basic Philosophy Distribution of Wealth Role of Gov’t in Economy

CAPITALISMSOCIALISM Who owns means of production? private individuals/ businesses community or state (gov’t) Idea of Progressindividuals following own self-interest Community of producers cooperate for good of all Basic Philosophy Competition shapes the market & leads to best product at lowest prices Distribution of Wealth Role of Gov’t in Economy

CAPITALISMSOCIALISM Who owns means of production? private individuals/ businesses community or state (gov’t) Idea of Progressindividuals following own self-interest Community of producers cooperate for good of all Basic Philosophy Competition shapes the market & leads to best product at lowest prices Capitalist employers exploit workers; community/state should protect them Distribution of Wealth Role of Gov’t in Economy

CAPITALISMSOCIALISM Who owns means of production? private individuals/ businesses community or state (gov’t) Idea of Progressindividuals following own self-interest Community of producers cooperate for good of all Basic Philosophy Competition shapes the market & leads to best product at lowest prices Capitalist employers exploit workers; community/state should protect them Distribution of Wealth Rewards go to the most successful owners of businesses Role of Gov’t in Economy

CAPITALISMSOCIALISM Who owns means of production? private individuals/ businesses community or state (gov’t) Idea of Progressindividuals following own self-interest Community of producers cooperate for good of all Basic Philosophy Competition shapes the market & leads to best product at lowest prices Capitalist employers exploit workers; community/state should protect them Distribution of Wealth Rewards go to the most successful owners of businesses Goods are distributed according to each person’s need Role of Gov’t in Economy

CAPITALISMSOCIALISM Who owns means of production? private individuals/ businesses community or state (gov’t) Idea of Progressindividuals following own self-interest Community of producers cooperate for good of all Basic Philosophy Competition shapes the market & leads to best product at lowest prices Capitalist employers exploit workers; community/state should protect them Distribution of Wealth Rewards go to the most successful owners of businesses Goods are distributed according to each person’s need Role of Gov’t in EconomyShould not interfere (laissez-faire)

CAPITALISMSOCIALISM Who owns means of production? private individuals/ businesses community or state (gov’t) Idea of Progressindividuals following own self-interest Community of producers cooperate for good of all Basic Philosophy Competition shapes the market & leads to best product at lowest prices Capitalist employers exploit workers; community/state should protect them Distribution of Wealth Rewards go to the most successful owners of businesses Goods are distributed according to each person’s need Role of Gov’t in EconomyShould not interfere (laissez-faire) Redistribute wealth according to need