Version 1.0, 14 May 2004 Slide: 1 APPLICATIONS OF METEOSAT SECOND GENERATION (MSG) FOG DETECTION Author:Jochen Kerkmann (EUMETSAT)

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Version 1.0, 14 May 2004 Slide: 1 APPLICATIONS OF METEOSAT SECOND GENERATION (MSG) FOG DETECTION Author:Jochen Kerkmann (EUMETSAT) Contributors:H. J. Lutz (EUMETSAT), P. Pylkkö (FMI), HP. Roesli (MeteoSwiss), D. Rosenfeld (HUJ)

Version 1.0, 14 May 2004 Slide: 2 Day-time Fog over Southern Germany 24 February 2003

Version 1.0, 14 May 2004 Slide: 3 IR10.8 channel not very useful for fog detection MSG-1 24 Feb :00 UTC Channel 09 (IR10.8) =low-level fog or stratus 2=snow 3 = snow-free ground

Version 1.0, 14 May 2004 Slide: 4 Detection of fog during day-time much better with IR3.9 channel MSG-1 24 Feb :00 UTC Channel 04 (IR3.9) 1=low-level fog or stratus 2=snow 3 = snow-free ground

Version 1.0, 14 May 2004 Slide: 5 Detection of fog during day-time also good with solar component of IR3.9 MSG-1 24 Feb :00 UTC Channel 04r (IR3.9r) 1=low-level fog or stratus 2=snow 3 = snow-free ground

Version 1.0, 14 May 2004 Slide: 6 … or with the brightness temperature difference IR3.9 - IR10.8 MSG-1 24 Feb :00 UTC Difference IR3.9 - IR10.8 1=low-level fog or stratus 2=snow 3 = snow-free ground

Version 1.0, 14 May 2004 Slide: 7 Detection of fog over snow surfaces with SEVIRI NIR 1.6 channel 24 Feb 2003, 11:00 UTC High reflectance (water clouds) Lower reflectance (ice clouds) Low reflectance (snow, sea)

Version 1.0, 14 May 2004 Slide: 8 Animation 1/ =low-level fog or stratus 2=snow 3=thin mid-level cloud with water droplets (supercooled cloud) 4=lakes 4 MSG-1 24 Feb :00 UTC Channel 03 (NIR1.6) Detection of fog over snow surfaces with SEVIRI NIR 1.6 channel

Version 1.0, 14 May 2004 Slide: Animation 2/5 Detection of fog over snow surfaces with SEVIRI NIR 1.6 channel 1=low-level fog or stratus 2=snow 3=thin mid-level cloud with water droplets (supercooled cloud) 4=lakes MSG-1 24 Feb :15 UTC Channel 03 (NIR1.6)

Version 1.0, 14 May 2004 Slide: Animation 3/5 Detection of fog over snow surfaces with SEVIRI NIR 1.6 channel 1=low-level fog or stratus 2=snow 3=thin mid-level cloud with water droplets (supercooled cloud) 4=lakes MSG-1 24 Feb :30 UTC Channel 03 (NIR1.6)

Version 1.0, 14 May 2004 Slide: Animation 4/5 Detection of fog over snow surfaces with SEVIRI NIR 1.6 channel 1=low-level fog or stratus 2=snow 3=thin mid-level cloud with water droplets (supercooled cloud) 4=lakes MSG-1 24 Feb :45 UTC Channel 03 (NIR1.6)

Version 1.0, 14 May 2004 Slide: Animation 5/5 Detection of fog over snow surfaces with SEVIRI NIR 1.6 channel 1=low-level fog or stratus 2=snow 3=thin mid-level cloud with water droplets (supercooled cloud) 4=lakes MSG-1 24 Feb :00 UTC Channel 03 (NIR1.6)

Version 1.0, 14 May 2004 Slide: 13 Non-detection of fog over snow surfaces with SEVIRI VIS0.6 amd VIS0.8 channels MSG-1, 24 Feb 2004, 11:00 UTC, VIS0.8 … close-up view over the Alps

Version 1.0, 14 May 2004 Slide: 14 Non-detection of fog over snow surfaces with SEVIRI HRV channel MSG-1, 24 Feb 2004, 11:00 UTC, HRV … close-up view over the Alps

Version 1.0, 14 May 2004 Slide: 15 Recommended RGBs for Monitoring of Day-time Fog MSG-1 24 Feb :00 UTC RGB Composite R = NIR1.6 G = VIS0.8 B = VIS0.6 1=low-level fog or stratus 2=snow 3=thin mid-level cloud with water droplets (supercooled cloud)

Version 1.0, 14 May 2004 Slide: 16 Recommended RGBs for Monitoring of Day-time Fog MSG-1 24 Feb :00 UTC RGB Composite R = VIS0.8 G = IR3.9r B = IR10.8 1=low-level fog or stratus 2=snow 3=thin mid-level cloud with water droplets (supercooled cloud)

Version 1.0, 14 May 2004 Slide: 17 Recommended RGBs for Monitoring of Day-time Fog MSG-1 24 Feb :00 UTC RGB Composite R = VIS0.8 G = NIR1.6 B = IR3.9r 1=low-level fog or stratus 2=snow 3=thin mid-level cloud with water droplets (supercooled cloud)

Version 1.0, 14 May 2004 Slide: 18 MSG-1 24 Feb :45 UTC RGB Composite R = NIR1.6 G = HRV B = HRV Recommended RGBs for Monitoring of Day-time Fog 1=low-level fog or stratus 2=snow 3=thin mid-level cloud with water droplets (supercooled cloud)

Version 1.0, 14 May 2004 Slide: 19 Night-time Fog over France 14 July 2003

Version 1.0, 14 May 2004 Slide: 20 Detection of fog at night (and day) with IR3.9 - IR10.8 brightness temp. diff. MSG-1 14 July :00 UTC Difference Image IR3.9 - IR10.8 Animation 1/ =low-level fog or stratus 2=clear ground 3=high-level clouds

Version 1.0, 14 May 2004 Slide: 21 MSG-1 14 July :00 UTC Difference Image IR3.9 - IR10.8 Animation 2/ =low-level fog or stratus 2=clear ground 3=high-level clouds 3 Detection of fog at night (and day) with IR3.9 - IR10.8 brightness temp. diff.

Version 1.0, 14 May 2004 Slide: 22 MSG-1 14 July :00 UTC Difference Image IR3.9 - IR10.8 Animation 3/4 2 1=low-level fog or stratus 2=clear ground 3=high-level clouds 1 3 Detection of fog difficult at dawn/dusk ! Detection of fog at night (and day) with IR3.9 - IR10.8 brightness temp. diff.

Version 1.0, 14 May 2004 Slide: 23 MSG-1 14 July :00 UTC Difference Image IR3.9 - IR10.8 Animation 4/ =low-level fog or stratus 2=clear ground 3=high-level clouds Detection of fog at night (and day) with IR3.9 - IR10.8 brightness temp. diff.

Version 1.0, 14 May 2004 Slide: 24 Difference IR3.9 - IR10.8, 2:00 UTC HRVIS for comparison, 08:45 UTC MSG-1, 14 July 2003

Version 1.0, 14 May 2004 Slide: 25 Night-time Fog over S. Africa 24 April 2003

Version 1.0, 14 May 2004 Slide: 26 IR10.8 channel not useful for fog detection during night-time MSG-1 24 April :00 UTC Channel 09 (IR10.8) =low-level fog or stratus 2=clear ground 3 = thin mid-level clouds 4 = thick high-level clouds

Version 1.0, 14 May 2004 Slide: 27 IR8.7 channel also not useful for fog detection during night-time MSG-1 24 April :00 UTC Channel 07 (IR8.7) =low-level fog or stratus 2=clear ground 3 = thin mid-level clouds 4 = thick high-level clouds

Version 1.0, 14 May 2004 Slide: 28 IR3.9 channel also not useful for fog detection during night-time MSG-1 24 April :00 UTC Channel 04 (IR3.9) =low-level fog or stratus 2=clear ground 3 = thin mid-level clouds 4 = thick high-level clouds

Version 1.0, 14 May 2004 Slide: 29 MSG-1 24 April :00 UTC Difference Image IR3.9 - IR =low-level fog or stratus 2=clear ground 3 = thin mid-level clouds 4 = thick high-level clouds Fog at night visible in IR3.9 - IR10.8 brightness temperature difference images

Version 1.0, 14 May 2004 Slide: =low-level fog or stratus 2=clear ground 3 = thin mid-level clouds 4 = thick high-level clouds Fog at night less visible in IR8.7 - IR10.8 brightness temperature difference images MSG-1 24 April :00 UTC Difference Image IR8.7 - IR10.8

Version 1.0, 14 May 2004 Slide: 31 1=low-level fog or stratus 2=clear ground 3 = thin mid-level clouds 4 = thick high-level clouds MSG-1 24 April :00 UTC Difference Image IR IR Fog at night not visible in IR IR10.8 brightness temperature difference images

Version 1.0, 14 May 2004 Slide: 32 1=low-level fog or stratus 2=clear ground 3 = thin mid-level clouds 4 = thick high-level clouds MSG-1 24 April :00 UTC RGB Composite R = IR IR10.8 G = IR IR3.9 B = IR10.8 Recommended RGB for Monitoring of Night-time Fog

Version 1.0, 14 May 2004 Slide: 33 Night-time Fog over Central Europe 25 October 2003

Version 1.0, 14 May 2004 Slide: 34 MSG-1 25 October :00 UTC Channel 09 (IR10.8) IR10.8 channel not useful for fog detection during night-time 1=low-level fog or stratus 2=clear ground 3 = thin Cirrus clouds

Version 1.0, 14 May 2004 Slide: 35 IR8.7 channel also not useful for fog detection during night-time MSG-1 25 October :00 UTC Channel 07 (IR8.7) 1=low-level fog or stratus 2=clear ground 3 = thin Cirrus clouds

Version 1.0, 14 May 2004 Slide: 36 MSG-1 25 October :00 UTC Channel 04 (IR3.9) IR3.9 channel a bit better for fog detection during night-time, but... 1=low-level fog or stratus 2=clear ground 3 = thin Cirrus clouds

Version 1.0, 14 May 2004 Slide: 37 Fog: -8/-10 K (black) Ground: -4/-5 K (grey) … fog at night very well visible in IR3.9-IR10.8 temperature difference images MSG-1 25 October :00 UTC Difference Image IR3.9 - IR =low-level fog or stratus 2=clear ground 3 = thin Cirrus clouds 3 3

Version 1.0, 14 May 2004 Slide: 38 Fog: -4 K (dark grey) Ground: -2 K (light grey) … fog at night also well visible in IR8.7-IR10.8 temperature difference images MSG-1 25 October :00 UTC Difference Image IR8.7 - IR =low-level fog or stratus 2=clear ground 3 = thin Cirrus clouds 3 3

Version 1.0, 14 May 2004 Slide: 39 1=low-level fog or stratus 2=clear ground 3 = thin Cirrus clouds … fog at night not visible in IR12.0-IR10.8 temperature difference images MSG-1 25 October :00 UTC Difference Image IR IR

Version 1.0, 14 May 2004 Slide: 40 Recommended RGB for Monitoring of Night-time Fog MSG-1 25 Oct :00 UTC RGB Composite R = IR12.0-IR10.8 G = IR10.8-IR3.9 B = IR10.8 1=low-level fog or stratus 2=clear ground 3 = thin Cirrus clouds

Version 1.0, 14 May 2004 Slide: 41 Night-time Fog over Southern Finland 29 October 2003

Version 1.0, 14 May 2004 Slide: 42 MSG-1 29 October :00 UTC Channel 09 (IR10.8) =low-level fog or stratus 2=clear ground 3 = high-level frontal clouds 3 Fog at night not visible in IR10.8 images

Version 1.0, 14 May 2004 Slide: 43 MSG-1 29 October :00 UTC Channel 07 (IR8.7) =low-level fog or stratus 2=clear ground 3 = high-level frontal clouds 3 Fog at night not visible in IR8.7 images

Version 1.0, 14 May 2004 Slide: 44 MSG-1 29 October :00 UTC Channel 04 (IR3.9) =low-level fog or stratus 2=clear ground 3 = high-level frontal clouds 3 Fog at night hardly visible in IR3.9 images

Version 1.0, 14 May 2004 Slide: 45 MSG-1 29 October :00 UTC Difference Image IR3.9 - IR10.8 Night-time fog is not well visible in IR3.9-IR10.8 temperature difference images over Scandinavia =low-level fog or stratus 2=clear ground 3 = high-level frontal clouds 3

Version 1.0, 14 May 2004 Slide: MSG-1 29 October :00 UTC Difference Image IR8.7 - IR10.8 1=low-level fog or stratus 2=clear ground 3 = high-level frontal clouds The IR8.7-IR10.8 temperature difference images give better results for fog detection at high latitudes 3 1 3

Version 1.0, 14 May 2004 Slide: 47 MSG-1 29 Oct :00 UTC RGB Composite R = IR12.0-IR10.8 G = IR10.8-IR8.7 B = IR10.8 Recommended RGB for Monitoring of Night-time Fog at high Latitudes 1=low-level fog or stratus 2=clear ground 3 = high-level frontal clouds

Version 1.0, 14 May 2004 Slide: 48 Night-time Fog over Central Europe 5 November 2003

Version 1.0, 14 May 2004 Slide: 49 MSG-1 5 November :00 UTC Channel 04 (IR3.9) Fog at night not visible in IR window channels =low-level fog or stratus 2=clear ground 3 = high-level clouds

Version 1.0, 14 May 2004 Slide: 50 Fog at night not visible in IR window channels MSG-1 5 November :00 UTC Channel 07 (IR8.7) =low-level fog or stratus 2=clear ground 3 = high-level clouds

Version 1.0, 14 May 2004 Slide: 51 Fog at night not visible in IR window channels MSG-1 5 November :00 UTC Channel 09 (IR10.8) =low-level fog or stratus 2=clear ground 3 = high-level clouds

Version 1.0, 14 May 2004 Slide: 52 Fog: -7/-10 K (black) Ground: -4 K (grey) Fog at night well visible in IR3.9 - IR10.8 difference images MSG-1 5 November :00 UTC Difference Image IR3.9 - IR10.8 1=low-level fog or stratus 2=clear ground 3 = high-level clouds

Version 1.0, 14 May 2004 Slide: 53 Fog: -8/-10 K (black) Ground: -5 K (grey) 1=low-level fog or stratus 2=clear ground 3 = high-level clouds 3 MSG-1 5 November :00 UTC Difference Image IR3.9 - IR Fog at night also well visible in IR3.9 - IR12.0 difference images

Version 1.0, 14 May 2004 Slide: 54 Fog: -3/-4 K (dark grey) Ground: -1 K (light grey) 3 Fog at night also visible in IR8.7 - IR10.8 difference images 1=low-level fog or stratus 2=clear ground 3 = high-level clouds MSG-1 5 November :00 UTC Difference Image IR8.7 - IR

Version 1.0, 14 May 2004 Slide: 55 Fog: 0/+1 K (light grey) Ground: 0/+1 K (light grey) Fog at night not visible in difference IR IR =low-level fog or stratus 2=clear ground 3 = high-level clouds MSG-1 5 November :00 UTC Difference Image IR IR

Version 1.0, 14 May 2004 Slide: 56 MSG-1 5 November :00 UTC RGB Composite R = IR12.0-IR10.8 G = IR10.8-IR3.9 B = IR Recommended RGB for Monitoring of Night-time Fog 1=low-level fog or stratus 2=clear ground 3 = high-level clouds

Version 1.0, 14 May 2004 Slide: 57 Day-time Fog over Central Europe 5 November 2003

Version 1.0, 14 May 2004 Slide: 58 River Valley Fog as seen by Meteosat First Generation (MFG) Met-7, 5 November 2003, 08:00 UTC, VIS channel

Version 1.0, 14 May 2004 Slide: 59 MSG-1 5 November :45 UTC Channel 12 (HRV) River valley fog can be better detected with the MSG HRV channel Mosel Valley Danube Valley

Version 1.0, 14 May 2004 Slide: 60 Kaiserstuhl (557 m) … and the MSG HRV channel gives more details MSG-1 5 November :45 UTC Channel 12 (HRV)

Version 1.0, 14 May 2004 Slide: 61 1=low-level fog or stratus 2=clear ground 3 = high-level clouds 4 = snow MSG-1 5 November :00 UTC RGB Composite R = NIR1.6 G = VIS0.8 B = VIS0.6 Recommended RGBs for Monitoring of Day-time Fog

Version 1.0, 14 May 2004 Slide: 62 1=low-level fog or stratus 2=clear ground 3 = high-level clouds 4 = snow MSG-1 5 November :00 UTC RGB Composite R = VIS0.8 G = IR3.9r B = IR10.8 Recommended RGBs for Monitoring of Day-time Fog

Version 1.0, 14 May 2004 Slide: 63 1=low-level fog or stratus 2=clear ground 3 = high-level clouds 4 = snow MSG-1 5 November :00 UTC RGB Composite R = VIS0.8 G = NIR1.6 B = IR3.9r Recommended RGBs for Monitoring of Day-time Fog

Version 1.0, 14 May 2004 Slide: 64 1=low-level fog or stratus 2=clear ground 3 = high-level clouds 4 = snow MSG-1 5 November :45 UTC RGB Composite R = HRV G = HRV B = IR3.9i Recommended RGBs for Monitoring of Day-time Fog

Version 1.0, 14 May 2004 Slide: 65 Night-time Fog over Europe 9 November 2003

Version 1.0, 14 May 2004 Slide: 66 MSG-1 09 November :15 UTC Channel 04 (IR3.9) Fog at night not visible in IR window channels =low-level fog or stratus 2=cold clear ground 3 = warm clear ground (mountains) 4 = thin, high-level clouds

Version 1.0, 14 May 2004 Slide: 67 Fog at night not visible in IR window channels MSG-1 09 November :15 UTC Channel 07 (IR8.7) =low-level fog or stratus 2=cold clear ground 3 = warm clear ground (mountains) 4 = thin, high-level clouds

Version 1.0, 14 May 2004 Slide: 68 Fog at night not visible in IR window channels MSG-1 09 November :15 UTC Channel 09 (IR10.8) =low-level fog or stratus 2=cold clear ground 3 = warm clear ground (mountains) 4 = thin, high-level clouds

Version 1.0, 14 May 2004 Slide: 69 Fog: -7/-10 K (black) Ground: -4/-5 K (grey) Fog at night visible in IR3.9 - IR10.8 difference images MSG-1 09 November :15 UTC Difference Image IR3.9 - IR10.8 1=low-level fog or stratus 2=cold clear ground 3 = warm clear ground (mountains) 4 = thin, high-level clouds Animation 1/6

Version 1.0, 14 May 2004 Slide: 70 Fog: -7/-10 K (black) Ground: -4/-5 K (grey) MSG-1 09 November :15 UTC Difference Image IR3.9 - IR10.8 1=low-level fog or stratus 2=cold clear ground 3 = warm clear ground (mountains) 4 = thin, high-level clouds Animation 2/6 Fog at night visible in IR3.9 - IR10.8 difference images

Version 1.0, 14 May 2004 Slide: 71 Fog: -7/-10 K (black) Ground: -4/-5 K (grey) MSG-1 09 November :15 UTC Difference Image IR3.9 - IR10.8 1=low-level fog or stratus 2=cold clear ground 3 = warm clear ground (mountains) 4 = thin, high-level clouds Animation 3/6 Fog at night visible in IR3.9 - IR10.8 difference images

Version 1.0, 14 May 2004 Slide: 72 Fog: -3/-4 K (grey) Ground: -4/-5 K (grey) Fog at dawn/dusk not visible in IR3.9 - IR10.8 difference images MSG-1 09 November :15 UTC Difference Image IR3.9 - IR10.8 Animation 4/6 1=low-level fog or stratus 2=cold clear ground 3 = warm clear ground (mountains) 4 = thin, high-level clouds

Version 1.0, 14 May 2004 Slide: 73 Fog: +2/+6 (light grey) Ground: -4/-5 K (dark grey) MSG-1 09 November :15 UTC Difference Image IR3.9 - IR10.8 1=low-level fog or stratus 2=cold clear ground 3 = warm clear ground (mountains) 4 = thin, high-level clouds Animation 5/6 Fog at daytime visible in IR3.9 - IR10.8 difference images

Version 1.0, 14 May 2004 Slide: 74 Fog: +6/+12 (light grey) Ground: -2/-3 K (dark grey) MSG-1 09 November :15 UTC Difference Image IR3.9 - IR10.8 1=low-level fog or stratus 2=cold clear ground 3 = warm clear ground (mountains) 4 = thin, high-level clouds Animation 6/6 Fog at daytime visible in IR3.9 - IR10.8 difference images

Version 1.0, 14 May 2004 Slide: 75 Fog: -3/-4 K (black) Ground: -1/-2 K (grey) Fog at night also visible in difference IR8.7 - IR10.8 MSG-1 09 November :15 UTC Difference Image IR8.7 - IR10.8 1=low-level fog or stratus 2=cold clear ground 3 = warm clear ground (mountains) 4 = thin, high-level clouds

Version 1.0, 14 May 2004 Slide: 76 Fog: 0/+1 K Ground: 0/+1 K Ocean: -1 K Fog at night not visible in difference IR IR =low-level fog or stratus 2=cold clear ground 3 = warm clear ground (mountains) 4 = thin, high-level clouds MSG-1 09 November :15 UTC Difference Image IR IR10.8

Version 1.0, 14 May 2004 Slide: 77 MSG-1 9 November :15 UTC RGB Composite R = IR12.0-IR10.8 G = IR10.8-IR3.9 B = IR Recommended RGB for Monitoring of Night-time Fog 1=low-level fog or stratus 2=cold clear ground 3 = warm clear ground (mountains) 4 = thin, high level clouds

Version 1.0, 14 May 2004 Slide: 78 Day-time Fog over Europe 9 November 2003

Version 1.0, 14 May 2004 Slide: 79 Low Stratus and River Valley Fog as seen by MFG Met-7, 9 November 2003, 08:00 UTC, VIS channel

Version 1.0, 14 May 2004 Slide: 80 MSG HRV channel gives more details on the fog... MSG-1 9 November :15 UTC Channel 12 (HRV) River Valley Fog Fog/low stratus

Version 1.0, 14 May 2004 Slide: 81 MSG-1 9 November :15 UTC Channel 12 (HRV) Fog/Low stratus with Gravity Waves … closer look at Denmark

Version 1.0, 14 May 2004 Slide: 82 MSG-1 9 November :15 UTC RGB Composite R = NIR1.6 G = VIS0.8 B = VIS0.6 Recommended RGBs for Monitoring of Day-time Fog =low-level fog or stratus 2=clear ground 3 = high-level thick clouds 4 = high-level thin clouds 5 = snow

Version 1.0, 14 May 2004 Slide: 83 1=low-level fog or stratus 2=clear ground 3 = high-level thick clouds 4 = high-level thin clouds 5 = snow MSG-1 9 November :15 UTC RGB Composite R = VIS0.8 G = IR3.9r B = IR10.8 Recommended RGBs for Monitoring of Day-time Fog

Version 1.0, 14 May 2004 Slide: 84 MSG-1 9 November :15 UTC RGB Composite R = VIS0.8 G = NIR1.6 B = IR3.9r Recommended RGBs for Monitoring of Day-time Fog =low-level fog or stratus 2=clear ground 3 = high-level thick clouds 4 = high-level thin clouds 5 = snow 4 4 4

Version 1.0, 14 May 2004 Slide: 85 MSG-1 9 November :15 UTC RGB Composite R = HRV G = HRV B = IR3.9 - IR10.8 Recommended RGBs for Monitoring of Day-time Fog =low-level fog or stratus 2=clear ground 3 = high-level thick clouds 4 = high-level thin clouds 5 = snow

Version 1.0, 14 May 2004 Slide: 86 Night-time Fog over Central Europe 11 November 2003

Version 1.0, 14 May 2004 Slide: Sea surface 2. Land surface 3. Warm fog 4. Cool fog + stratus (-3 o C) 5. Supercooled water stratus (-13 o C) 6. Highly supercooled water stratus (-18 o C) 7. Cb with lightning 8. Thick cirrus 9. Thin cirrus MSG-1 11 Nov :00 UTC RGB Composite R = IR IR10.8 G = IR IR3.9 B = IR10.8 Recommended RGB for Monitoring of Night-time Fog

Version 1.0, 14 May 2004 Slide: Recommended RGB for Monitoring of Night-time Fog MSG-1 11 Nov :00 UTC Difference Image R = IR IR Sea surface 2. Land surface 3. Warm fog 4. Cool fog + stratus (-3 o C) 5. Supercooled water stratus (-13 o C) 6. Highly supercooled water stratus (-18 o C) 7. Cb with lightning 8. Thick cirrus 9. Thin cirrus

Version 1.0, 14 May 2004 Slide: MSG-1 11 Nov :00 UTC Difference Image G = IR IR Sea surface 2. Land surface 3. Warm fog 4. Cool fog + stratus (-3 o C) 5. Supercooled water stratus (-13 o C) 6. Highly supercooled water stratus (-18 o C) 7. Cb with lightning 8. Thick cirrus 9. Thin cirrus Recommended RGB for Monitoring of Night-time Fog

Version 1.0, 14 May 2004 Slide: MSG-1 11 Nov :00 UTC Difference Image B = IR Sea surface 2. Land surface 3. Warm fog 4. Cool fog + stratus (-3 o C) 5. Supercooled water stratus (-13 o C) 6. Highly supercooled water stratus (-18 o C) 7. Cb with lightning 8. Thick cirrus 9. Thin cirrus Recommended RGB for Monitoring of Night-time Fog

Version 1.0, 14 May 2004 Slide: 91 Day-time Fog over the Po Valley 20 November 2003

Version 1.0, 14 May 2004 Slide: 92 MSG-1, 20 November 2003, 11:00 UTC, HRV Channel

Version 1.0, 14 May 2004 Slide: 93 Night Fog darker than clear ground Dawn Fog and clear ground equal Day Fog brighter than clear ground 1 to 2 critical slots at dawn/dusk MSG-1, 20 November 2003 Difference IR3.9 - IR10.8

Version 1.0, 14 May 2004 Slide: 94 MSG-1, 20 November 2003, 00:00 UTC, IR3.9 - IR10.8 Click on the icon to see the animation (00:00-15:00 UTC, AVI, KB) !

Version 1.0, 14 May 2004 Slide: 95 SUMMARY

Version 1.0, 14 May 2004 Slide: 96 VIS0.6 and HRVIS: to disciminate between fog and ground (fog white, ground dark)VIS0.6 and HRVIS: to disciminate between fog and ground (fog white, ground dark) VIS0.8: less useful because of less contrast to vegetated areasVIS0.8: less useful because of less contrast to vegetated areas NIR1.6 and IR3.9: to discriminate between fog and snow (fog high reflectivity, snow low reflectivity)NIR1.6 and IR3.9: to discriminate between fog and snow (fog high reflectivity, snow low reflectivity) IR3.9 - IR10.8: fog large positive values; clear ground around 0 K (-5 K to +5 K)IR3.9 - IR10.8: fog large positive values; clear ground around 0 K (-5 K to +5 K) Detection of Fog/Low Stratus during Daytime

Version 1.0, 14 May 2004 Slide: 97 RGB : fog white-pinkish; clear ground greenish or reddish (depending in vegetation)RGB : fog white-pinkish; clear ground greenish or reddish (depending in vegetation) RGB : fog white-pinkish; clear ground reddishRGB : fog white-pinkish; clear ground reddish RGB 02-04r-09: fog white-pinkish; clear ground blueishRGB 02-04r-09: fog white-pinkish; clear ground blueish RGB r: fog whitish, clear ground greenish- bluishRGB r: fog whitish, clear ground greenish- bluish Detection of Fog/Low Stratus during Daytime

Version 1.0, 14 May 2004 Slide: 98 IR3.9-IR10.8: fog -10/-7 K; clear ground around -4 K (difficulties at high latitudes)IR3.9-IR10.8: fog -10/-7 K; clear ground around -4 K (difficulties at high latitudes) RGB / / 09: fog light greenish-yellowish; clear ground dark pinkishRGB / / 09: fog light greenish-yellowish; clear ground dark pinkish Detection of Fog/Low Stratus during Nighttime (Low and Mid Latitudes)

Version 1.0, 14 May 2004 Slide: 99 Detection of Fog/Low Stratus during Nighttime (High Latitudes) IR8.7-IR10.8: fog -4 K, clear ground around -1/-2 KIR8.7-IR10.8: fog -4 K, clear ground around -1/-2 K RGB / / 09: fog light greenish-yellowish; clear ground dark pinkishRGB / / 09: fog light greenish-yellowish; clear ground dark pinkish

Version 1.0, 14 May 2004 Slide: 100 IR3.9-IR10.8: fog detection difficult because of compensating effects (fog colder in IR3.9 than in IR10.8 because of lower emissivity, but reflection of solar radiation)IR3.9-IR10.8: fog detection difficult because of compensating effects (fog colder in IR3.9 than in IR10.8 because of lower emissivity, but reflection of solar radiation) IR8.7-IR10.8: fog -4 K, clear ground around -1/-2 K (only small difference between fog and clear ground, but works also at dawn/dusk)IR8.7-IR10.8: fog -4 K, clear ground around -1/-2 K (only small difference between fog and clear ground, but works also at dawn/dusk) Detection of Fog/Low Stratus at Dawn/Dusk

Version 1.0, 14 May 2004 Slide: 101 Detection of Fog/Low Stratus: Conclusion Less noisy than the difference IR3.9 - IR10.8 (works well also over Scandinavia)Less noisy than the difference IR3.9 - IR10.8 (works well also over Scandinavia) 24-hour capability with "constant" colour for fog/low stratus (unlike IR3.9-IR10.8 difference)24-hour capability with "constant" colour for fog/low stratus (unlike IR3.9-IR10.8 difference) High-level Cirrus above fog/low stratus can also be detected (combined with IR12.0-IR10.8 difference)High-level Cirrus above fog/low stratus can also be detected (combined with IR12.0-IR10.8 difference) In operational applications, the difference IR8.7-IR10.8 may be the best to detect fog/low stratus (day- and night), because of:

Version 1.0, 14 May 2004 Slide: 102 MSG-1, 9 November 2003, 00:15 UTC, Difference Image, IR8.7 - IR10.8 Click on the icon to see the animation (00:15-08:15 UTC, AVI, KB) !