Memory Module22 :Information Processing Module 23:Forgetting and Memory Construction

There are Three steps in information processing 1. Encoding-or getting information into the memory system 2. Storage or retaining information in memory over time 3. Retrieval or getting information out of memory storage Encode external events into memory Memory storage Retrieval of stored memories

Sources Thinking About Psychology-Second Edition allpsych.com/psychology101/memory.htmlCach ed - Similar Association for Psychological Science: Books www.psychologicalscience.org/books

Automatic processing and Effortful Processing Automatic processing is the unconscious process of remembering without any effort. Effort processing encoding that requires attention and conscious effort. Research shows that the most effective way of remembering is rehearsal the conscious repetition of information Over learning – continuing to rehearse information you have already memorized

Serial Position Effect Serial position effect- Tendency to recall the first and last items in a list more easily. The primacy effect enhances are ability to recall items near the beginning The regency effect enhances are ability to recall items near the end of the list Spacing of rehearsal An example is the difference between studying a week before the test and cramming the information a night before the test

Encoding Meaning Encoding imagery Semantic processing encoding by meaning Self reference effect enhanced semantic encoding of information that is personally relevant or relating it to your own life. Encoding imagery Encoding an image is more easy like remembering 9/11 we can remember this image

Mnemonic Devices Mnemonic devices is a memory trick or technique Method of loci – associating items you want to remember with imaginary places Peg word system associating items you want to remember with a list of words you have already remembered Two is a shoe Three is a tree Four is a door

Organizing Information Chunking-organizing information into meaningful units Effectiveness of chunking Give yourself 10 seconds to learn the letters in row 1.now row 2. the identical letters appear in both rows nut they are easier to remember if they are chunked ROW1 RNN TYW KTYU ACDF OAHNSOO RTA UO UCR OYO ROW 2 ASK NOT WHAT YOUR COUNTRY CAN DO FOR YOU

Sensory memory Short term memory Humans have five main senses: sight, hearing , taste, smell, and touch sensory memory allows individuals to retain these impressions and relate them. Short term memory Part of your memory system that contains information you are consciously aware of before it is stored permanently or forgotten. Short term memory decays rapidly within a few seconds most people cannot recall three consonants and by 20 sec they have completely los the three consonants

Long term Memory Long term memory is the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system Flashbulb memory is a vivid clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event Compare your memory to that of a Clarks nutcracker it can remember up to 6,000 places where it stored seeds for the winter.

Explicit and implicit memories Explicit memory- memory of facts and experiences Implicit memory- memory of skills and procedure Types of long term memories Explicit With conscious recall processed by Hippocampus Implicit Without conscious recall (processed by the cerebellum) Motor Skills (how to walk) Cognitive skills (how to read) Facts general knowledge ( the name of the largest ocean) Personally experienced events (what I had for Breakfast) A structure in the limbic system linked to explicit memory Processes implicit memory as well as coordinating voluntary movement and balance

Retrieval Context effect State Dependency Recall-information you must search as in a fill in the blank test Recognition-type of retrieval in which you must identify items as a multiple choice test Context effect Context effect- describes the influence of environmental factors on one's perception of a stimulus. State Dependency Sate dependent memory enhances ability to retrieve information when you are in the same physical and emotional state you were in when you encoded the information

Forgetting as Encoding Failure Which is the real penny?

Forgetting as Storage Failure Permastore memory- long term memory that are especially resistant to forgetting and are likely to lat a life time Forgetting as Retrieval Failure Proactive interference- When an older memory disrupts the recall of a new one Retroactive interference – when a more recent memory disrupts the recall of an older memory Motivated forgetting repression –the process of moving anxiety producing memories to the unconscious mind

Sources Memory and Forgetting in Psychology 101 at AllPsych Online allpsych.com/psychology101/memory.htmlCach ed - Similar Thinking Psychology Second Edition Association for Psychological Science: Books www.psychologicalscience.org/books