Central Nervous System CNS: brain and spinal cord Necessary for the maintenance of homeostasis Contains 10 11 neurons Contains 10 14 synapses Responsible.

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Central Nervous System CNS: brain and spinal cord Necessary for the maintenance of homeostasis Contains neurons Contains synapses Responsible for everything we perceive, do, feel, and think

Glial Cells 90% of CNS composed of glia Five types of glial cells Astrocyte—numerous functions Ependymal cells—line cavities Microglia—phagocytes Oligodendrocytes—form myelin Schwann cells (located in PNS)—form myelin

Glial Cells

Astrocytes Remove neurotransmitter from synaptic cleft Maintain normal electrolyte composition of spinal fluid in CNS Protect neurons against toxic substances

Microglia Protect CNS from foreign matter through phagocytosis Bacteria Dead or injured cells

CNS: Physical Support

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Extracellular fluid of the CNS Secreted by ependymal cells Functions Cushions brain Maintains stable fluid environment

Blood Supply to the CNS CNS comprises 2% of body weight (3–4 pounds) Receives 15% of blood supply High metabolic rate Brain uses 20% of oxygen consumed by body at rest Brain uses 50% of glucose consumed by body at rest

Stroke Caused by decreased blood supply Occlusion (blockage, closing) of cerebral blood vessel Hemorrhage from cerebral blood vessel

Blood-Brain Barrier Capillaries Sites of exchange between blood and interstitial (space between structures) fluid

CNS: Gray and White Matter

Figure 9.5b–c

II. Spinal Cord Cylinder of nerve tissue Continuous with brain Surrounded by vertebral column Origin of spinal nerves (31 pairs)

Spinal Cord

Spinal Cord: Cross Section

Brain

Midbrain Spinal cord Pons Medulla oblongata Forebrain Cerebrum Thalamus Hypothalamus Pituitary gland Brainstem Diencephalon Cerebellum Corpus callosum (c)Midsagittal section Brain: Midsagittal View

Premotor cortex (coordinates voluntary movements) Primary somatosensory cortex (somesthetic sensations and proprioception) Sensory association areas (integration of sensory information) Primary motor cortex (voluntary movement) Central sulcus Prefrontal association areas (idea and plan for voluntary movement, thoughts, personality) Broca’s area (speech formation) Limbic association cortex (emotions, learning, and memory) Olfactory cortex (smell) Visual association areas (higher vision processing) Wernicke’s area (language comprehension) Auditory association areas Primary auditory cortex (hearing) Primary visual cortex (vision) Functional Areas of Cerebrum

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Reflexes Automatic patterned response to a stimulus

Reflex Arc

Withdrawal and Crossed-Extensor Reflexes

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