 Head of State/Chief of State: ◦ Represents nation abroad ◦ Performs ceremonial duties  e.g., Lighting Menorah, Christmas tree, throwing out first pitch of baseball game ◦ Giving awards ◦ Public service statements ◦ Appoints/accepts ambassadors  This gives recognition of their government  Qualifies them to receive economic aid and support

 Sees that the nation’s laws are carried out ◦ President influences the policy making of all the departments  Tools of Influence ◦ Executive orders and use of Implied power of the Constitution ◦ Presidential appointments ◦ Impoundment: put aside or refuse to spend monies ◦ Pardons/Reprieves ◦ Amnesty

 Chief Legislator: ◦ Set Legislative agenda ◦ Propose specific legislation/laws ◦ Propose budget spending for each fiscal year  State of the Union- ◦ Speech given by the President once a year explaining how the United States is doing economically, socially, and what the President wants to do.

 Chief Administrator /Economic Planner: ◦ Runs “bureaucracy”—vast number of federal employees. ◦ Submits annual budget with economic advisors ◦ Sets economic priorities ◦ promote high employment, production, and purchasing power

 Party Leader/Party Chief: ◦ Leader of political party ◦ Helps party members who are running for office  “Coattails” Effect ◦ Fundraises for his party  “Patronage” ◦ appoints people to a political office for their support during the Presidents campaign

 Chief Diplomat: ◦ directs the foreign policy of the U.S., making key decisions about the relations the U.S. has with other countries in the world  Ex) making treaties, executive agreements, recognizing foreign governments  Helping Agencies ◦ USAID—helps with aid to struggling countries

 Commander In Chief: ◦ Power to make war ◦ Key military decisions with National Security Council and Joint Chiefs of Staff ◦ Directs armed forces ◦ Authority to use atomic weapons ◦ Directs war effort at home  Ex) rationing of food and materials needed for war

 Chief Citizen/Leader: ◦ Representative of all the people— “bully pulpit” ◦ Represent public interest ◦ Moral leadership ◦ Ability to Communicate ◦ Sense of Timing ◦ Openness to New Ideas ◦ Ability to Compromise ◦ Political Courage