TINGKAHLAKU KEPEMIMPINAN

2 BASIC LEADERSHIP MODELS

3 Two basic model of leadership: –Traits –Behavior Traits model of leadership –Based on observed characteristics of many leaders – both successful and unsuccessful – to predict leadership effectiveness. –Successful leaders have interest and abilities that are different from those of less effective leaders.

4 Key traits: Intelligence = more intelligence than subordinate Maturity and breadth = tend to be more emotionally mature and have a broad range of interest.

5 Inner motivation and achievement drive = are result oriented –When they achieve one goal, they seek another –They do not depend on employees for their motivation to achieve goal –Honesty = have integrity AND trustworthy.

6 Limitation is inadequate because: –There is no consistence patterns between specific traits or sets of traits and leadership effectiveness. –Always relate physical characteristic such as height, weight and health to effective leadership. –Leadership itself is complex.

BEHAVIORAL MODEL OF LEADERSHIP

8 Focus on what leaders actually do and how they do it. Effective leaders help individuals and teams to achieve their goal in 2 way: –First: they build task-centered relations and focus on the quality and quantity of work accomplished. –Second: they are considerate and supportive of employees; attempts to achieve personal goals.

9 Example: work satisfaction,promotions recognition and Work hard to settle disputes keeping people happy, provide encouragement and giving positive reinforcement

10 A.OHIO STATE THEORY 1.Consideration - leader concerned with subordinates feelings and respects subordinate and relationship is characterized by mutual, trust, respect, 2-way communication. 2.Initiating structure - the leader clearly defined the leader subordinates roles so that subordinates know what is expected of them. The leaders establish channels of communication and determines the methods for accomplishing the group’s task.” (e.g.p. 16)

11 B.MICHIGAN STUDIES 1.Job centered – leader pays close attention to the work of subordinates, explains work procedures & is interested in performance – main concern is efficient completion of task. 2.Employee centered - leader attempts to build effective work groups with high performance goals. Leaders main concern is with high performance, but that was to be accomplished by paying attention to the human aspects of the group. opposite ends job centered employee centered

12 C.LEADERSHIP GRID A framework for portraying types of leadership behavior and their various potential combination. 2 dimension: concern production and concern for people

(1,1)(9,1) (9,9) (5,5) (1,9) Concern for production Concern for people

14 (1,1) – low people, low production (9,1) – high production, low people (1,9) – high people, low production (5,5) – balance (50% of both) (9,9) – most effective leadership note : (9 represents high concern) ( 1 represents low concern)

15 D.TANNENBAUM SCHMIDT LEADERSHIP GRID 1.TELLING 2.SELLING 3.CONSULTING 4.JOINING

16 TellsSellsConsultsJoins Concept: Leader centered: Involvement of subordinates not necessary. Language: This is where we will go and this is how we will get there. Leader centered: Involve subordinates to insure understanding. This is where we will go and how we will get there. Are there any question? Team centered: Involve subordinates in discussion of how to implement leader’s goal. This is where we will go. Let’s talk about the best way to get there. Team centered: Involve subordinates in setting goals and appraising progress. Let’s discuss our unit goals, the best way to get there and how we will evaluate progress. LEADERSHIP STYLE (Use of Authority by Leader) GROUP PARTICIPATION (Areas of Freedom of the Group) Announces decision permits questions. Action: Leader decides; Announces decision. Gives group Freedom to define problem and decide. Presents problems and boundaries; group decides. “sells” decisions to group Present problem; ask for ideas; decides. Present tentative decision; consults group and decides. LEADER CENTEREDTEAM CENTERED

Prof. Dr. Zaidatol Akmaliah Lope Pihie September 2014 Educational leadership theory 17

Bass’ Theory 18

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Leithwood’s Theory 20

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Griffith’s Theory 22

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Leithwood’s Theory 24

MC Ewan’s Theory 25

Blase’s Theory 26

Hallinger’s Theory 27