Cloning

Extinct ibex is resurrected by cloning: “An extinct animal has been brought back to life for the first time after being cloned from frozen tissue.”

What is Cloning? Cloning: artificially creating a cell, cell product, or organism that is genetically identical to the unit or individual from which it was derived

Therapeutic Cloning Reproductive Cloning http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v4/n11/images/nrg1205-i1.jpg

Reproductive Cloning "somatic cell nuclear transfer" (SCNT) nucleus is removed from donor’s egg somatic cell and donor egg are fused developing embryo implanted into surrogate mother birth of clone

Somatic Cells- any cells making up the body of an organism Germ-line Cells- Reproductive cells (egg and sperm)

Cloning by Nuclear Transfer The introduction of a nucleus from a body cell, into an egg cell to generate an organism identical to the nucleus donor Like Dolly the Sheep!

Other Models

Gene Therapy When a disorder is treated by introducing a gene into a patients cell Commonly used to treat Cystic fibrosis- a disease characterized by sticky mucus building up in the lungs and blocking airways Can be ‘cured’ by adding a functional CFTR Gene is added

Vaccine Homework: Read pg. 266-270 Do # 1-5 on pg 270 A vaccine is a substance containing all or part of a harmless version of a pathogen that physcians introduce into the body to produce immunity to disease A DNA vaccine is a vaccine made from the DNA of a pathogen, but does not have disease-causing capability

Why might we genetically engineer crops? Agricultural Applications- Increasing Yields Improving Nutrition Disease-Resistance Herbicides Insecticides Growing Vaccines?

Why do we make GM plants? better crops: disease and pest resistant, better storage…. new crops: FASTER plant breeding more food, better food plants as pharmaceutical ‘factories’ edible vaccines

Banana or hypodermic?

By 2009, Dow AgroSciences hopes to have vaccines for equine West Nile Virus and avian flu, with other vaccines likely to follow. Vaccine production in genetically engineered plants, or "molecular farming", could become the next trend in vaccine manufacturing. It is perceived to be safe, low-cost and more efficient.

GMO crops

Increase of GM crops globally

Concerns: Safety Access and Intellectual Property Ethics Labeling Potential human health impact: allergens, transfer of antibiotic resistance markers, unknown effects Potential environmental impact: unintended transfer of transgenes through cross-pollination, unknown effects on other organisms (e.g., soil microbes), and loss of flora and fauna biodiversity Access and Intellectual Property Domination of world food production by a few companies Increasing dependence on Industralized nations by developing countries Biopiracy—foreign exploitation of natural resources Ethics Violation of natural organisms' intrinsic values Tampering with nature by mixing genes among species Objections to consuming animal genes in plants and vice versa Stress for animal Labeling Not mandatory in some countries (e.g., United States) Mixing GM crops with non-GM confounds labeling attempts Society New advances may be skewed to interests of rich countries http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/elsi/gmfood.shtml

Bioethics The study of ethical issues related to DNA technology Can GM food hurt the environment? Should we try to clone humans? Will reproductive gene therapy adversely effect future generations?

What is a stem cell? Three general properties…. Capable of dividing and renewing themselves for an extended amount of time They are unspecialized They can give rise to specialized cells Stem cells are in a category all of there own, apart from somatic and sex In order to get a stem cell to differentiate conditions need to be altered and adjusted.

"Designer Babies" Offspring's genes purposefully selected ("designed") to be the optimal recombination of their parents' genetic material Newly coined term, Designer babies is a term used by journalists to describe this frightening scenario (to modify embryos to choose desirable or cosmetic characteristics). It is not a term used by scientists.   N: just put quotes around DB since it is not a scientific term... 

What CAN currently be done Only 2 techniques are legally done to advance reproductive technology in humans:   Determine sex and genes of child - Choosing the sperm to fertilize the egg Pre-implantation Genetic Diagnosis (PGD) - Genetic screening of embryos in vitro for genetic disorders/diseases PGD is performed as a part of an In Vitro Fertilization cycle where multiple eggs are produced, retrieved from the ovaries and fertilized with the husband's sperm. IVF is necessary to give us access to the embryo in vitro. At their earliest stage of development, one or two cells are removed from each embryo through a procedure called embryo biopsy. These cells are analyzed to determine which embryos are free of genetic abnormalities.   Can determine sex after fertilization, but are making progress with sperm sorting through use of centrifugation. HOWEVER, laws in different countries allow these two procedures to different extents, and are illegal in some places. (analysis of these cells may be performed by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) or polymerase chain reaction (PCR), which allows a geneticist to provide information on the individual embryo's chromosomal make-up. ) 

Are Clones Identical? Rainbow, the donor CC, the clone CC with her Surrogate Mom, Allie

Activity! Activity!

What Makes a Good Scientific Argument?

What Makes a Good Scientific Argument? Empirical Data (Objective, Quantitative) Reliable Reproducible

Where is the Cut-Off?