 Mosquito  Horses

 The warm months  dawn and dusk.  Hot, dry weather Reference: "West Nile Virus Information."

 Encephalitis  loss of appetite  depression  Altered gaits  Partial paralysis  Fever  impaired vision  head pressing  aimless wandering  Inability to swallow  Weakness of the hind limbs  coma  death Reference: “West Nile Virus Guidelines for Horse Owners."

Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus Bacteria Leaning for stability Brain Hemorage due to Inflammation

 Vaccination administered by a veterinarian. Limit exposure  House horses indoors during peak periods of mosquito activity  Avoid lights inside stable during evening and overnight  Topical preparations containing mosquito repellants Reference: "West Nile Virus Guidelines for Horse Owners."

 Viruses in horses interest me because horses are amazing animals and such a high percentage fatality rate in horses infected  Approximately 33% of horses exhibiting clinical signs will die  Approximately 40% will have residual neurologic deficits after recovering Reference: "West Nile Virus."

 potential introduction and monitor the spread of the West Nile Virus in Guadeloupe  In 2002, antibodies to WNV were detected in horses in Mexico and Guadeloupe  report and discuss the temporal evolution of WNV circulation in Guadeloupe, in hopes to increase understanding of WNV epidemiology in the Neotropics.

 July 2002, sera from 360 horses was collected  December 2002, sera from 136 horses was collected from study sites where WNV was detected  In 2005, survey was taken at 7 sites with high risk for WNV with 106 seronegative equines were sampled and monitored every 6 months for seroconversion.

Table 2. LEFRANÇOIS, THIERRY, et al. "West Nile Virus In Guadeloupe." Annals Of The New York Academy Of Sciences (2006): Academic Search Complete. Web. 30 Oct

Table 1. LEFRANÇOIS, THIERRY, et al. "West Nile Virus In Guadeloupe." Annals Of The New York Academy Of Sciences (2006): Academic Search Complete. Web. 30 Oct. 2014

 Conducted to look for confirmation of an acute infection  Active surveillance represents the best WNV surveillance system WNV is difficult to diagnose due to the unspecific clinical signs

 1084 horse sera samples were tested for IgM WNV antibodies  Total of 12 tested positive resulting in an 0.7% seroprevalence rate.

 Additionally, 1472 sera samples were tested for the presence of IgG WNV antibodies  Total of 128 tested positive resulting in an 8.7% seroprevalence rate  Criteria for selected horses was that they were not moved in the international transport nor moved between counties, ages were from 6 months to over 25 years, and had no WNV vaccination history

 "West Nile Virus Guidelines for Horse Owners." University of Nebraska–Lincoln Extension Publications. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Oct  "West Nile Virus Information." —. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Oct v.html v.html  "West Nile Virus." New England Journal of Medicine (2003): Web.  LEFRANÇOIS, THIERRY, et al. "West Nile Virus In Guadeloupe." Annals Of The New York Academy Of Sciences (2006): Academic Search Complete. Web. 30 Oct  Barbić, Ljubo, et al. "West Nile Virus Serosurveillance In Horses In Croatia During The 2012 Transmission Season." Rad Hrvatske Akademije Znanosti I Umjetnosti. Medicinske Znanosti (2013): Academic Search Complete. Web. 6 Nov