HIST 285, Technology in Historical Perspective Department of History & Politics Drexel University Professor Lloyd Ackert “Science and Systems”

I. Introduction 1. Second “industrial revolution”

II. The Dye Industry 1. England A. Aniline dyes of August von Hoffman August Wilhelm von Hofmann ( ) Molecular Model of Methane B. William Henry Perkin ( ) - mauveine

2. Germany A. A new organizational structure B. Scientific “mass-labor 1. Universities and Laboratories C. Patent disputes Hoechst dyeworks, commencement of alizarin factory, Edelstein Collection, Hebrew University. WebsiteWebsite Friedrich August Kekulé von Stradonitz Friedrich August Kekulé von Stradonitz was a professor of chemistry at the University of Bonn from 1867 to 1896.

D. The Chemists’ war. 1. Poisonous gases 2. Nitrogen A poison gas attack using gas cylinders in World War I. John Singer SargentJohn Singer Sargent's 1918 painting Gassed.Gassed Fritz Haber ( ) The Haber-Bosch process was a milestone in industrial chemistry, because it divorced the production of nitrogen products, such as fertilizer, explosives and chemical feedstocks, from natural deposits, especially sodium nitrate (caliche), of which Chile was a major (and almost unique) producer.

III. Electricity 1. Thomas Edison A. “Wizard of Menlo Park” Edison’s Miracle of Light (CLIP)CLIP B. Electric light C. Direct current vs Alternating current

2. Westinghouse A. Alternating current B. Universal system

3. Competition A. Harold Brown’s public displays Smithsonian Article

IV. Stabilizing Large-Scale Systems 1. Financiers 2. Corporations A. Edison, Westinghouse, and Thompson-Houston B. Mergers. Edison: “No competition means no incentive.”

3. Engineers IEEE Edison Medal 4. Research labs The early GE Research Lab team: Steinmetz on the left, the Hayden Family, It might be Irving Langmuir with the bowtie in the center. This photo and those on the left were taken in Steimetz's garage. WebsiteWebsite List of Societies

5. The content of engineering.

A. MIT s Separate electrical engineering department 2. Dugald Jackson American electrical engineer. He received the IEEE Edison Medal for "outstanding and inspiring leadership in engineering education and in the field of generation and distribution of electric power”. Jackson headed the Department of Electrical Engineering of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology for an unprecedented time, 1907 to The Technology Plan of WebsiteWebsite William Walker’s essay Dugald Caleb Jackson ( )

B. Harold Hazen’s “Network Analyzer” 1920s-1930s Harold Locke Hazen (August 1, February 21, 1980) was an American electrical engineer. He contributed to the theory of servomechanisms and feedback control systems. In 1924 under the lead of Vannevar Bush, Hazen and his fellow undergraduate Hugh H. Spencer built a prototype AC network analyzer, a special-purpose analog computer for solving problems in interconnected AC power systems. Hazen also worked with Bush over twenty years on such projects as the mechanical differential analyzer.Vannevar BushHugh H. Spencernetwork analyzerdifferential analyzer Cambridge differential analyzer, 1938

V. Conclusions