State that the mobile phase may be a liquid or a gas. Week 10 Describe chromatography as an analytical technique that separates components in a mixture. State that the mobile phase may be a liquid or a gas. State that the stationary phase may be a solid, or either a liquid or solid on a solid support. State that a solid stationary phase separates by adsorption. State that a liquid stationary phase separates by relative solubility. © Pearson Education Ltd 2009 This document may have been altered from the original

Separation of plant pigments by thin-layer chromatography Week 10 Separation of plant pigments by thin-layer chromatography © Pearson Education Ltd 2009 This document may have been altered from the original

Separation by adsorption and by relative solubility Week 10 Separation by adsorption and by relative solubility © Pearson Education Ltd 2009 This document may have been altered from the original 3

State that the solid stationary phase in TLC separates by adsorption. Week 10 State that the mobile phase in TLC is a liquid and that the stationary phase is a solid on a solid support. State that the solid stationary phase in TLC separates by adsorption. Explain the term: Rf value, and interpret chromatograms in terms of Rf values. © Pearson Education Ltd 2009 This document may have been altered from the original

Running a TLC chromatogram Week 10 Running a TLC chromatogram © Pearson Education Ltd 2009 This document may have been altered from the original

Measuring Rf values – for the green spot, x = 1.65 cm and y = 4.85 cm. Week 10 Measuring Rf values – for the green spot, x = 1.65 cm and y = 4.85 cm. © Pearson Education Ltd 2009 This document may have been altered from the original 6

Explain the term: retention time. Week 10 Explain the term: retention time. Interpret gas chromatograms in terms of retention times and the approximate proportions of the components of a mixture. Explain that analysis by gas chromatography has limitations. © Pearson Education Ltd 2009 This document may have been altered from the original

Stationary phase in a gas chromatography column Week 10 Stationary phase in a gas chromatography column © Pearson Education Ltd 2009 This document may have been altered from the original

Equipment for gas chromatography Week 10 Equipment for gas chromatography © Pearson Education Ltd 2009 This document may have been altered from the original 9

Gas chromatograph separating three components Week 10 Gas chromatograph separating three components © Pearson Education Ltd 2009 This document may have been altered from the original 10

Week 10 Gas chromatogram of blood alcohols and related compounds showing retention times. © Pearson Education Ltd 2009 This document may have been altered from the original 11

Week 10 Explain that mass spectrometry can be combined with gas chromatography in GC–MS to provide a far more powerful analytical tool than gas chromatography alone. Explain that the mass spectra generated can be analysed or compared with spectral databases for positive identification of a component. State the use of GC–MS in analysis in forensics, environmental analysis, airport security and space probes. © Pearson Education Ltd 2009 This document may have been altered from the original

Week 10 Stages in GC–MS © Pearson Education Ltd 2009 This document may have been altered from the original

Nandrolone and 19-norandrosterone Week 10 Nandrolone and 19-norandrosterone © Pearson Education Ltd 2009 This document may have been altered from the original 14