New York

New Netherlands New Netherlands  founded in the Hudson River area ( )  Established by Dutch West India Company for quick-profit fur trade.  Manhattan [New Amsterdam]  Purchased by Company for pennies per (22,000) acre.  60 guilders – equivalent of (worth about 60 billion today)

New Netherlands Becomes a British Royal Colony Charles II granted New Netherland ’ s land to his brother James, the Duke of York, [before he controlled the area!] 1664  English soldiers arrived. § Dutch had little ammunition, poor defenses and poor leadership. § Dutch Governor, Peter Stuyvesant, forced to surrender without firing a shot. Renamed “ New York ” § England gained strategic harbor between her northern & southern colonies. § England now controlled the Atlantic coast!

Duke of York ’ s Original Charter

New Amsterdam, 1664

MANHATTEN, TODAY

New Jersey

New Jersey — 1664  aristocratic proprietors rcvd. the area from the Duke of York. Many New Englanders [because of worn out soil] moved to NJ  Combined to one colony

Pennsylvania

1681  he received a grant from king to establish a colony.  This settled a debt the king owed his father.  Named Pennsylvania  [“Penn’s Woodland”]. William Penn

The Quakers Called Quakers because they “ quaked ” during intense religious practices. They offended religious & secular leaders in England. § Refused to pay taxes to support the Church of England. § They met without paid clergy § Believed all were children of God  refused to treat the upper classes with deference. Ø Keep hats on. Ø Addressed them as commoners  ” thees ” / “ thous. ” Ø Wouldn ’ t take oaths. Ø Pacifists.

The Holy Experiment 1.Different nationalities and religious beliefs living in harmony 2.Tolerance and Land compensation to Native Americans a.Quakers went among the Natives unarmed. b.Friendly and co-existed peacefully, until Non-Quakers started settling in the area

Penn ’ s Treaty with the Native Americans

Pennsylvanian Society Attracted many different people  Religious misfits from other colonies.  Many different ethnic groups. No slavery, no restrictions on immigration. Liberal land policy Representative assembly elected by landowners English gov’t forced them, however, to deny rt to vote & hold office to Catholics and Jews by English gov’t

Delaware

Delaware — PA ’ s Neighbor Began as Swedish settlement Named after Lord De La Warr [harsh military governor of VA in 1610]. Closely associated with Penn ’ s colony. 1703/4  granted its own assembly.

Ethnic Groups

Life in Middle Colonies Famous Court Case - Peter Zenger Ben Franklin “Poor Richard’s Almanac” (Complete Activity) “If you would not be forgotten, as soon as you are dead and rotten, either write things worth reading, or do things worth the writing." ~ B. Franklin ( )

Ben Franklin Escaped to Philadelphia where he would become a famous Printer – PA Gazette Poor Richard’s Almanack under the alias Richard Saunders First Public Library (1731) First PA Hospital (1743) – PENN First Fire company in Philadelphia Inventor (stove, bifocals, nature of electricity and lightening) Very active on the Political scene – America’s Independence – We will discuss this more in the next two chapters!

The English Civil War and its Aftermath King Charles I vs. Oliver Cromwell Cromwell wins, rules until 1660 King Charles II and monarch restored! Restoration era leads to colonies being settled.

Mercantilism Power is measured by wealth and nations’ wealth is measured by stock of precious metals Bullion – gold and silver A Favorable balance of trade – export more than you import Great Britain’s system with the help of her colonies

Navigation Acts – Positives & Negatives 1. Monopoly on Tobacco - SC 2. NE shipbuilders and manufacturing 3. English Vessels only 4. Goods must stop in England 1 st – discourages trade w/ other nations 5. Corn laws, Hat Laws, Molasses Act 6. Smuggling * Acts were not seriously enforced until after French and Indian War

Salutary Neglect –England allowed its colonies freedom in governing themselves WHY? –Existing economic and politics of the colonies already served British interests

Massachusetts – In the hot seat England revoked MA charter in 1684, making it a royal colony Colonists were becoming more independent, did not like King telling them what to do Dominion of New England set up – NE Colonists hated this!!!

Glorious Revolution –Protestant opposition invited the King’s daughter and her husband, William (both protestant) to take the throne from her father –Colonists used the events in England to rid themselves of hated officials and re-establish representative assemblies

The Great Awakening 1 st truly mass movement in America –20/30 years Response to Enlightenment period, unchurched, decline in attendance at church, etc. Jonathan Edwards (NE) –“spider dangling in web of hell” – at any moment George Whitefield (Middle) –Fiery, scary speeches –Key test of election is an emotional conversion –Reduced Christianity to its lowest common denominator (sinners who love god = heaven) Samuel Davies (Southern) –legal toleration of the dissenters

Results of Great Awakening 1.Unified 4/5 of the American people under the Christian faith 2.More religious tolerance of other religious sects 3.Greater emphasis on education 4.Greater sense of responsibility for slaves and native Americans 5.Breakdown in theological consensus – New Lights vs old Lights Politically speaking: moving toward an American identity, contract theory of government (breaking away from church if too corrupt, not doing their job, and form a new one – D of I