Renaissance What was the Renaissance?  Renaissance=Rebirth, start of modern era ( C.E.)  Starts in Northern Italy, center of trade routes  Patrons: wealthy supporters of arts  Medici family: bankers in Florence, controlled politics (1400’s-1700’s)  Humanities: subjects about humankind/culture, not science (Stressed Greek/Roman learning)  Humanists: 1. Live life as fully as possible 2. Individuals are unique 3. Develop athletics, academics and arts 4. Participate in politics

 Niccolo Machiavelli: ( ) Florentine diplomat, wrote The Prince: ends justify means  Women educated to operate household and entertain  Rare exception Isabella d’Este  1450’s printing press invented (Johann Gutenberg, German):  Books cheaper to produce:  Increased access to books  Increased literacy  Erasmus, Desiderius: (born 1466 in Holland) The Praise of Folly: criticized greed of Roman Catholic Church

 What effects did the Renaissance have on art?  Renaissance art stresses uniqueness of individual  Moved towards realism, used proper perspective  Italy 1400’s: 1. Raphael: religion mixed with humanism; life like Madonna, not angelic 2. Michelangelo: sculptor/painter; Painted ceiling of Sistine Chapel with frescoes 3. Leonardo da Vinci: painter/inventor; The Last Supper and Mona Lisa

 Netherlands center of northern painting: 1. Rembrandt: play of light and shadow 2. Breughel: landscapes  Cervantes: born 1547 in Spain, Don Quixote: mocks medieval codes of chivalry  William Shakespeare: born 1564 in England, Romeo and Juliet: explored human behavior and emotions

Reformation  What caused the Reformation?  People complained about:  Roman Catholic Church increasing taxes  Italian control of Church  Church focused on acquiring land and wealth  Selling of indulgences (Church pardons)  Reformation: movement to change Church, lead by Protestants

 Martin Luther (1483): German monk nailed 95 theses to door of Wittenberg Church  People should interpret Bible for themselves  Catholic Church should stop selling indulgences  1530 Augsburg Confession: German princes supported Lutheranism to gain power and church land  1555 Peace of Augsburg: allowed princes to decide religion practiced on their land

 John Calvin (Calvinism): 1536 French scholar set up religious state in Geneva, Switzerland  Predestination: people chosen by God before birth for salvation  Henry VIII removed England from Pope’s power to divorce Catherine of Aragon  1534 Act or Supremacy: made King head of Church of England (Anglican Church)  Seized Catholic Church land, persecuted Catholics  1553 Mary I (Catholic): “Bloody Mary”— killed/persecuted Protestants  1558 Elizabeth I returned England to Protestantism  1571 Parliament approved Church of England

 Counter Reformation (Catholic Reformation):  1545 Council of Trent:  Only Church could explain Bible  Pope highest authority  Banned sale of indulgences  Established seminaries  Inquisition: Catholic Church courts killed/persecuted Protestants

 Outcomes of the Reformation: 1. Divided Europe (North=Protestant, South=Catholic) 2.Weakened strength of Church in politics 3.Spread education/literacy 4. Strengthened middle class: stressed Protestant work ethic