Protestant Reformation Pope Believers Clergy Monks/Nuns

Failed in Italy Popes directly involved with affairs of state Spanish/HRE Hapsburgs support Pope –Dominant in Southern Italy and Venetia Italian Peninsula remained loyal to Catholicism

Catholic Church was a source of wealth for Italians Italian Renaissance and Papal patronage made Italy rich Italian universities made questioning theological questions unheard of

Succeeded in Northern Euro Church members pay church tax –Tax $ went to Rome –Rulers saw none of the $ locally –Rulers resented this! Church critics appeal to nationalistic sentiment –Luther = German –Wyclif = English –Huss = Bohemian (S. German or Slav)

Reformers back Centralization of monarchy Nobles saw chance to seize Church land Printing press spread ideas quickly Northern universities were more liberal and allowed for theological debate

Causes 1.Corruption within Simony, Nepotism, Pluralism, Absenteeism 2.Church division Avignon Papacy Great Schism of the West Conciliar Movement

3.Renaissance Humanism 4.Renaissance Secularism 5.Critics 6.Sale of Indulgences 7.Renaissance Popes

Early Critics: John Wyclif English Friar Criticized vices of clergy Criticized Papal taxes and authority Anti-transubstantiation Scripture, not tradition, is authority Followers = Lollards Lollard peasant revolt (1381) hurt Wyclif’s cause

Early Critics: Jon Huss Czech Priest Similar to Wyclif in many ways Bohemia support Huss: State challenge to Papal authority Followers = Hussites Huss burned at stake: Council of Constance

Renaissance Critics: Erasmus True religion = inward sincerity Pious devotion Outward ritual and ceremony meaningless Scripture is guide; not priesthood Severe Humanist critic (Christian Humanism) In Praise of Folly

Renaissance Critics: More Idea of communal living No class distinctions No competition (economic) Defied Henry VIII Catholic martyr (executed by Henry) Utopia

Storyline Renaissance Popes focus on patronage of arts and wealth Pope Leo X authorize Tetzel to sell Indulgences to help pay for re-building of St Peter’s Basilica –Indulgences used since Crusades to raise funds –Tetzel expands their use/application

Martin Luther wrote 95 Thesis questioning use of Indulgences (1517) –Luther meant to reform Church from within (Luther was a monk) 95 Thesis widely read N German States used Luther to express their ideas or further their political/economic goals

Papal delegates and Luther debate: Luther refused to recant Luther excommunicated German states hide/support Luther Henry VIII uses Luther to further his ends and breaks from Rome Other’s began protests and were supported by various states –John Calvin, John Knox, Zwingli, Wesley, etc

Martin Luther Justification by Faith 2 Sacraments True Authority = Bible Priesthood of followers Consubstantiation Bishops = Administrators only

Reject Papal authority Clergy may marry Religious services in the vernacular Church is subordinate to the State

Key Events regarding Luther 1.Posting of 95 Thesis (1517) 2.Debate with Johann Eck in Leipzig (1520) Luther Excommunicated 3.Diet of Worms (1521) Luther Outlawed by HRE

4.Peasants Revolt ( ) Swabian Peasant uprising (12 Articles) Luther Admonished them We should obey rulers here on Earth Catholics & Lutherans suppressed uprising 5.Confessions of Augsburg (1530) Written by Philip Melanchthon Compromise in attempt to reconcile Lutheranism & Catholicism Rejected by Catholics Became central statement of Lutheran belief

6.League of Schmalkalden (1531) –Formed by German princes to defend against Charles V drive to re-Catholicize German States –Francis I of France allied with the League (even though he was Catholic – see below) 7.Hapsburg-Valois Wars ( ) –France try to keep Germany divided (aiding Lutherans accomplished this aim) –Charles victorious over the League in 1547 (too late – Lutheranism held too much sway)

8. PEACE OF AUGSBURG (1555) Temporary end to Lutheran-Catholic Struggle in German States Cuius regio, eius religio “Whose the religion, his the religion” Princes choose Lutheran or Catholic for his state Re-affirmed independence of German States Ensured division of German States (stunted German Nationalism)

Still to Come… Calvinism Zwingli Anglicanism Anabaptists and Mennonites Unitarianism Presbyterianism Catholic Counter Reformation