The Protestant Reformation 1

Contributing Factors to the Reformation Precipitating Factors 100 Years War and Black Death Renaissance secularism and humanism Emphasis on individual Scientific advances The printing press Church greed and corruption Wealth and excess of Church leaders (Borgia and Medici Popes) Lay investiture Avignon papacy Sale of indulgences

Luther and the German Reformation Luther troubled by the sale of indulgences Tetzel was selling indulgences in Wittenberg in 1517 Luther posts his 95 Theses on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg on October 31, 1517

Luther and the German Reformation Pope pays little attention to the Luther at first Luther attacks the Pope and his bull of excommunication Luther goes into hiding 1521 The Protestant Reformation further divided Germany

The Spread of Lutheranism 5

The Printing Press 6

Henry and the English Reformation Henry VIII’s marriage to Catherine of Aragon Henry seeks an annulment Henry creates the Church of England (Anglican) and establishes supremacy over it A “political reformation” only at first

Zurich Very urban, cosmopolitan Reformer Ulrich Zwingli opposed purgatory, clerical celibacy, intercession of the saints, and salvation by works The death of Zwingli

Geneva (French-speaking) John Calvin’s leadership in Geneva (1541-1564) Stress on order and rigorous adherence to God’s law A “Quasi-theocracy” Very austere religion practiced in Geneva Self-discipline and the “Protestant Work Ethic” and notion of predestination

Calvin’s World in the 16c 10

Protestant Churches in France (Late 16c) 11

Dutch persecution of Anabaptists (Mennonites) The Anabaptists Dutch persecution of Anabaptists (Mennonites) 12

Reformation Europe (Late 16c) 13