Chapter 9 The Era of Thomas Jefferson Essential Question How did Jefferson chart a new course for the government? I can describe Jefferson’s policies as president SPI Common Core 8.41

Describe the outcome of the election of Explain Jefferson’s policies as President. Discuss the importance of Marbury v. Madison. Objectives

Terms and People Thomas Jefferson – third President of the United States, elected in 1800 Aaron Burr – Jefferson’s running mate in the 1800 election laissez faire – the idea that the government should not interfere in the economy John Marshall – Chief Justice of the Supreme Court under President Jefferson judicial review – the authority of the Supreme Court to strike down unconstitutional laws

How did Jefferson chart a new course for the government? In 1800, President John Adams ran for reelection against Thomas Jefferson. Federalists supported John Adams. Republicans supported Thomas Jefferson.

By receiving 73 electoral votes, Jefferson defeated Adams. Federalists threatened civil war if Jefferson were elected. Republicans accused John Adams of creating a monarchy. The election of 1800 was viciously contested.

Jefferson Thomas Jefferson - 73 VotesAaron Burr - 73 Votes The House of Representatives had to break the tie. They voted for Jefferson to be President and Burr to be Vice President. However, Jefferson and his running mate, Aaron Burr, received the same number of votes.

To avoid this situation in the future, Congress passed the Twelfth Amendment. Twelfth Amendment From 1804 on, electors would vote separately for President and Vice President.

Jefferson was the first President to be inaugurated in Washington, D.C., the new capital. In his inaugural address, Jefferson urged all Americans to unite. Jefferson chose a less aristocratic ceremony. In the past: The President rode to the inauguration in a fancy carriage. People bowed to the President. At Jefferson’s inauguration: Jefferson walked to the ceremony. People did not bow. They shook Jefferson’s hand.

Jefferson thought of his election as the “Revolution of 1800.” His first goal was to limit the power of the federal government. Jefferson vowed to change many of the policies of George Washington and John Adams. He believed in the idea of laissez faire, from the French term for “let alone.”

Jefferson created new Republican policies and kept some existing Federalist policies. RepublicanFederalist

Jefferson also targeted the Sedition Act, which he had long opposed. Many people had been convicted and fined under the act. Others had been imprisoned. Jefferson ordered the fines refunded. Jefferson released the prisoners.

One Federalist who did not keep his job was Judge William Marbury. Adams had appointed Marbury and other judges in his last hours as President. When Jefferson took office, he ordered Secretary of State James Madison to cease work on the appointments.

Jefferson’s decision led to the landmark Supreme Court case, Marbury v. Madison. William Marbury sued James Madison. This act gave the Supreme Court the power to review any case against a federal official. Marbury cited the Judiciary Act of 1789.

The ruling stated that the Court’s power came from the Constitution, not Congress. In Marbury v. Madison, the Supreme Court ruled that the Judiciary Act was unconstitutional. Under the Judiciary Act, the Supreme Court’s power came from Congress. Therefore, Congress did not have the right to give power to the Supreme Court in the Judiciary Act. Supreme Court Congress Constitution

Chief Justice John Marshall used this case to establish the principle of judicial review. This gives the Supreme Court the authority to strike down unconstitutional laws. Judicial review remains one of the most important powers of the Supreme Court. Unconstitutional laws

Explain the importance of New Orleans and the crisis over its port. Describe how the United States gained the Louisiana Purchase. Discuss Lewis and Clark’s expedition. Objectives

Terms and People expedition – a long and carefully organized journey Meriwether Lewis – army captain chosen by Jefferson to lead the exploration of the West William Clark – Lewis’s coleader continental divide – the place on the continent that separates river systems flowing in opposite directions Zebulon Pike – explored the southern part of the Louisiana territory from 1805–1807

What was the importance of the purchase and exploration of the Louisiana Territory? The tide of westward settlement speeded up in the years after America’s independence. By 1800, more than one million settlers lived between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River.

Farmers shipped goods down the Mississippi to the port of New Orleans. Most western settlers were farmers who relied on the Mississippi River. From there, goods were loaded on ships and carried to markets across the Atlantic.

Spain, which controlled the Mississippi River and New Orleans, threatened to close the port to American ships. Pinckney Treaty This treaty guaranteed Americans’ right to ship goods down the Mississippi River to New Orleans. To prevent this, the U.S. negotiated the Pinckney Treaty with Spain in 1795.

Westerners demanded war with Spain. Later, after the treaty had been signed, Spain withdrew Americans’ right to ship goods through New Orleans.

Jefferson feared that France would become dominant in America, as it was becoming in Europe. If this happened, westward expansion of the United States would be blocked. French territory To make matters worse, Jefferson learned that Spain had secretly given its Louisiana Territory to France.

Jefferson decided to try to buy New Orleans from the French. He sent James Monroe and Robert Livingston to Paris to make a deal. When they arrived in France, they discovered that the situation had shifted yet again.

Without Haiti, France would have trouble defending Louisiana in the event of a war. The French had been driven from their colony on Haiti.

Also, war between France and Britain was looming. Napoleon needed money for the war. BritainFrance

Because of France’s situation, Monroe and Livingston received a surprising offer. France offered to sell the entire Louisiana Territory to the United States. Louisiana New Orleans

Jefferson hesitated to approve the purchase. In the end, Jefferson decided that the purchase was constitutional because the President is able to make treaties with foreign countries. Was it constitutional?

After buying the Louisiana Territory in 1803, Thomas Jefferson was eager to have it explored and mapped.

In 1803, Jefferson convinced Congress to fund a western expedition. Meriwether Lewis He chose two army officers to lead the exploration. William Clark

Goals of the western expedition Report back on the natural features of the region. Look for a waterway from the Mississippi to the Pacific Ocean. Make contact with Native Americans.

Lewis and Clark left St. Louis in the spring of 1804 and explored the northern part of the Louisiana Territory.

Lewis and Clark’s expedition lasted for over two years. July 1804August 1804October 1804 The party reached the mouth of the Platte River, which feeds into the Missouri River. The expedition followed the Missouri River from St. Louis to the Rocky Mountains.

July 1804August 1804October 1804 They met with Native Americans for the first time. The Americans promised to give the tribes military support and trading rights in exchange for peace.

July 1804August 1804October 1804 They camped in what is now North Dakota for the winter. They were joined by Sacagawea, a Shoshone translator.

August 1805November 1805March 1806 The party reached the continental divide. They did not find a waterway to the Pacific. Instead, they had to navigate rapids in their canoes.

August 1805November 1805March 1806 They reached the Pacific Ocean by way of the Columbia River. They began the return journey, which took about half a year.

The journey of Lewis and Clark led many Americans to feel a sense of duty to expand west.

From 1805 to 1807, Zebulon Pike explored the southern part of the Louisiana Territory.

Pike’s reports increased U.S. interest in the region. Pike headed west to the Rocky Mountains. Partway up a mountain, he was forced to turn back. Today, this mountain is known as Pike’s Peak. Rocky Mountains Pike’s Peak Pike returned home through Spanish New Mexico.

Discuss how the United States defeated the Barbary pirates. Explain how war in Europe hurt American trade. Discuss the causes and effects of the Embargo Act. Identify the events leading up to the Battle of Tippecanoe. Objectives

Terms and People tribute – money paid by one country to another in return for protection Stephen Decatur – led a group of American sailors in a battle to protect the warship Philadelphia against pirates embargo – a government order that forbids foreign trade smuggle – the act of illegally importing or exporting goods

Terms and People (continued) Tecumseh – organized western Native American tribes to resist American expansion William Henry Harrison – governor of the Indiana Territory who sent soldiers to fight Native Americans at the Battle of Tippecanoe

How did Jefferson respond to threats to the security of the nation? Trade with Europe was critical to the American economy. United States Europe crops and natural resources manufactured goods

Pirates from the North African Barbary States began attacking American ships. America paid money to the rulers of the Barbary States. The Barbary pirates stopped attacking American ships. At first, America paid tribute, as other nations did.

Pirates from the Barbary State of Tripoli captured the American ship, Philadelphia. Jefferson stopped paying tribute. He sent warships to protect American merchant ships. American sailors led by Stephen Decatur burned the Philadelphia so the pirates could not use it. This victory and others inspired confidence in America’s ability to deal with foreign threats.

A greater threat to America came from Britain and France. United States In 1803, Britain and France were at war. The United States remained neutral and profited by trading with both nations. FranceBritain

Britain and France weakened each other by cutting off each other’s foreign trade. France seized American ships trading with Britain. BritainFrance Britain did the same to ships trading with France. U.S.

Once again, Britain used impressment to gather soldiers for the war with France. Thousands of Americans were forced to serve in the British navy.

Jefferson used a peaceful method to force Britain and France to respect American neutrality. Jefferson predicted that the embargo would stop Britain and France from attacking American ships. He imposed an embargo on American ships sailing to any foreign port. foreign trade

American exports declined. The embargo hurt America in many ways. Prices of American crops declined. Many Americans lost their jobs. Merchants turned to smuggling to survive. embargo

Congress repealed the Embargo Act in 1809, just before Jefferson left office. Congress passed a new law that reopened trade with all countries except France and Britain. America would reopen trade with those countries when they started respecting America’s neutrality.

As American settlers moved west, they took over Native American lands. Also during this period, tens of thousands of American settlers moved westward.

Many died from new diseases. They lost their hunting grounds. Animals they hunted were driven away. The power of their leaders declined. Native Americans suffered from this expansion.

Shawnee leader Tecumseh organized the western tribes into a league to resist settlement. western tribes Tecumseh U.S. expansion

William Henry Harrison took action against Tecumseh’s activities. Harrison sent soldiers against Shawnee villages while Tecumseh was away. Tippecanoe River

However, Native Americans never regained their strength after the Battle of Tippecanoe. Tecumseh and his allies continued their opposition to western settlement. In the Battle of Tippecanoe, Harrison defeated the Native Americans.

Explain why the United States declared war on Britain. Describe what happened in the early days of the war. Discuss the American invasion of Canada and the fighting in the South. Identify the events leading to the end of the War of Objectives

Terms and People nationalism – pride in one’s country war hawk – one who is eager for war; specifically, an American who favored war with Britain in 1812 blockade – the action of shutting a port or road to prevent people or supplies from coming into an area or leaving it Oliver Hazard Perry – commander of American troops that fought the British on Lake Erie in 1812

Terms and People (continued) Andrew Jackson – took command of American forces in Georgia in the summer of 1813 secede – to withdraw

What were the causes and effects of the War of 1812? Tension with Britain was high when James Madison took office in Britain armed Native Americans… …and continued impressment of U.S. sailors. American anger toward Britain

Many Americans felt a new sense of American nationalism at this time. In 1810, nationalists Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun joined the House of Representatives. They and their supporters were called war hawks. They supported war with Britain.

The British vowed to continue impressment. Relations with Britain worsened steadily in early In June 1812, Congress declared war on Britain. Native Americans began new attacks on settlers.

The war did not come at a good time for the British, who were still at war in Europe. However, Britain refused to meet American demands to avoid war. America Britain France

Americans were confident that they would win the war. However, the U.S. was not prepared. Jefferson’s spending cuts had weakened the military. The navy had only 16 warships ready for action. The army had fewer than 7,000 soldiers.

The War of 1812 was fought on several fronts. One important area was along the Atlantic coast.

In August 1812, the USS Constitution defeated the British warship Guerrière in the North Atlantic. The ship’s thick wooden hull earned it the nickname “Old Ironsides.”

Despite the victory of the Constitution, Britain was able to set up a blockade of the American coast. Britain had closed off all American ports by the war’s end.

The Great Lakes and the Mississippi River were also important fronts.

In July 1812, the British defeated American troops in Canada. They captured over 2,000 U.S. soldiers. Both sides won key battles during the war in the West. In 1813, U.S. troops led by Oliver Hazard Perry won control of Lake Erie at the Battle of Put-In-Bay.

Oliver Hazard Perry’s victory at Lake Erie was a key victory for the Americans. The British were forced to retreat back into Canada. U.S. troops pursued and defeated the British in the Battle of the Thames.

Native Americans suffered defeat both in Canada and in the South. In March 1814, U.S. troops led by Andrew Jackson defeated Creek warriors at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend, in Georgia. The treaty that ended the fighting forced the Creeks to give up millions of acres of land.

In 1814, the British defeated Napoleon. This allowed Britain to send many more troops to fight against America. AmericaFrance Britain

Many New Englanders opposed the war, because the British blockade was hurting their trade. As the war dragged on, Federalists expressed their opposition by calling it “Mr. Madison’s War.”

In 1814, opposition was so high that delegates at the Hartford Convention suggested that New England secede from the United States. United States New England

The British made their final attacks in In August 1814, they attacked Washington, D.C. The President fled; the capitol was burned. On September 13, they moved on to Fort McHenry in Baltimore. Americans won this battle, which also inspired the U.S. national anthem.

Britain had tired of war. On Christmas Eve, 1814 the two sides signed the Treaty of Ghent. Before this news reached the U.S., Americans won a final victory in the Battle of New Orleans in January Treaty of Ghent Ended the war Returned things to the way they had been before the war

Americans felt pride and confidence. The United States had secured independence from Britain once and for all. The Hartford Convention ended quickly. Effects of the End of the War of 1812