Teaching and Learning with Technology, 4e © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 3 Designing and Planning Technology- Enhanced Instruction Teaching and Learning with Technology any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images; any rental, lease, or lending of the program. This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law:

Teaching and Learning with Technology, 4e © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 3 Teachers need to determine what needs to occur in the classroom and during lessons Set of focused questions provides a framework and systematic process to create effective instruction Planning ensures best possible approach to learning Instructional Planning 3

Teaching and Learning with Technology, 4e © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 4 Effective instruction is planned by skillful and creative educators Systems Approach - carefully planned, step- by-step process to design, create, evaluate, and revise The Design-Plan-Act! (D-P-A) three-step system addresses all needed planning steps Instructional Planning System 4

Teaching and Learning with Technology, 4e © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 5 The D-P-A System 5

Teaching and Learning with Technology, 4e © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 6 Instructional Planning The Design Phase Teacher looks comprehensively and strategically at the targeted curriculum An instructional design template helps ensure that no step is missed The Dynamic Instructional Design (DID) model assists you in creating your instructional design 6

Teaching and Learning with Technology, 4e © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 7 The PLAN Phase Essential components of the daily lesson plans: Ready the learners Target specific daily objectives Systematically prepare the lesson Prepare the classroom Detail the steps of the pedagogical cycle Identify technologies and materials Check for success Lesson Planning 7

Teaching and Learning with Technology, 4e © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 8 Action Planning The ACT Phase Review your lesson plan The Instructional Action Plan (IAP) is your lesson plan to-do list Your IAP details everything to be done as a series of steps Then you are ready to implement 8

Teaching and Learning with Technology, 4e © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 9 The DID Model Gagné’s DID, comprehensive model of instructional design Focuses on dynamic design supporting continuous adjustment and change DID model built around continuous internal/external feedback loop Continuous improvement is core of high-quality instruction Formative feedback occurs during every step of the learning process Summative feedback is returned at end of the learning process 9

Teaching and Learning with Technology, 4e © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 10 The DID Model 10

Teaching and Learning with Technology, 4e © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 11 The DID Model Step 1 - Know the Learner What are the learners’: Physical and cognitive developmental stage(s)? Cultural and language differences? Incoming skills and current knowledge base? Individual characteristics (learning and cognitive styles, intelligences, etc.)? Group similarities and differences? How will the above affect the design? 11

Teaching and Learning with Technology, 4e © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 12 The DID Model Step 2 – State Your Objectives Use Performance Objectives State what the learner will do after the instructional event Focus objectives on skills and competencies of students Objectives should be clear, reasonable, and measurable 12

Teaching and Learning with Technology, 4e © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 13 Performance Objectives contain four components: Stem Target performance Assessment method Criterion for success Example: The student will be able to identify the subject and verb in a sentence written on the board with 95% accuracy. The DID Model 13

Teaching and Learning with Technology, 4e © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 14 Consider Bloom’s taxonomy when articulating objectives Bloom’s Levels of Cognition Knowledge – recall of facts Comprehension – interpreting facts Application – applying information to new situations Analysis – recognizing components within data Synthesis – creating new ideas for the data provided Evaluation – making thoughtful value judgments The DID Model 14

Teaching and Learning with Technology, 4e © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 15 The DID Model Objective action verbs based on Bloom’s Taxonomy 15

Teaching and Learning with Technology, 4e © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 16 Step 3 - Establish the Learning Environment Adjust the physical space to support learners Provide a positive nurturing environment Keep learners active and engaged Prepare well-organized and articulated lesson plans The DID Model 16

Teaching and Learning with Technology, 4e © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 17 What is the Learning Environment? Includes all conditions affecting learners, physical and nonphysical Physical space Classroom climate Attitude of teacher Dunn and Dunn’s research Different aspects of physical space affect different learning styles Simple changes can often enhance the learning environment 17

Teaching and Learning with Technology, 4e © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 18 Step 4 - Identify Teaching and Learning Strategies Teaching strategies = methods you use to help your students obtain objectives Learning strategies = techniques and activities you require for your students to master content Combined, they are referred to as pedagogy or the pedagogical cycle The DID Model 18

Teaching and Learning with Technology, 4e © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 19 Utilize the steps of the pedagogical cycle to help determine your teaching strategies The DID Model 19

Teaching and Learning with Technology, 4e © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 20 The pedagogical cycle steps: Provide preorganizers to focus attention Use motivators to help learners focus and engage Bridge to prior knowledge Share objectives and expectations Introduce new knowledge using selected methods and media Reinforce knowledge acquisition with demonstrations, modeling, and feedback Provide practice experiences Include culminating verbal, visual, and auditory reviews The DID Model 20

Teaching and Learning with Technology, 4e © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 21 Methods vs. Media Methods = strategies you use to achieve lesson objective Media = all audio, visual, video, and digital resources you use to present learning Methods include: Teacher-centered strategies Presentation, lecture, demonstration, and class discussion Student-centered strategies Research projects, oral reports, learning groups, simulations, role playing, and games Media include: Nonprojected visuals Projected visuals Audio Video Digital 21

Teaching and Learning with Technology, 4e © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 22 Step 5 - Identify and Select Support Technologies Select tools to support teaching and learning strategies Once strategies have been mapped out, tools to build experience should be evident Identify the technology tools you need Select from those available to you Be competent in their use The DID Model 22

Teaching and Learning with Technology, 4e © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 23 The DID Model Available Support Technologies 23

Teaching and Learning with Technology, 4e © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 24 Step 6 – Summative Evaluation and Revision Plan Formative feedback continues throughout all steps of the DID model Summative feedback is evaluation at the end of the design Final evaluation and revision ensure continuous improvement of design The DID Model 24

Teaching and Learning with Technology, 4e © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 25 Lesson Planning The PLAN Phase The DID model provides the instructional big picture and a blueprint for the teaching- learning process Once design is completed, you can PLAN your daily lessons Lesson plans provide day-to-day snapshots of what will happen 25

Teaching and Learning with Technology, 4e © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 26 The ACT Phase The Instructional Action Plan includes: 1. Identify learner preparation activities 2. Ready the classroom 3. List teaching and learning activities 4. Create your personal prompts 5. Identify support technologies 6. List feedback tools 7. Detail follow-up activities Action Planning 26

Teaching and Learning with Technology, 4e © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 27 Planning for Technology in Teaching and Learning Remember that technology… Is a tool that may support your design and plans Enhanced teaching and learning must be well thought out Should help you do something new or do it better Has many options; choose wisely 27