Music 253

22010 Eleanor Selfridge-Field

Automatic transcription of composition 18 th 18 th century: England, 1747 (Grove 1) 19 th century Horizontal loom Vertical (Jacquard) loom, 1855 Music Eleanor Selfridge-Field

Sound generators Machines to generate sound in order to 1. to generate music [compose or arrange on the fly] 2. to perform music already composed or arranged 3. to transcribe performed music Organ rollhttp:// Music Eleanor Selfridge-Field

Sound generation and capture  C.1800 AD  C.1905 Franklin's Glass Harmonica Welty-Mignon piano roll Music Eleanor Selfridge-Field

Music Boxes and Piano Rolls Music Eleanor Selfridge-Field

Early recording technology Edison Amberol c Music Eleanor Selfridge-Field

Early Phonography Edison home phonograph c Victrola c Edison floor model 1921 Music Eleanor Selfridge-Field

Interfacing hardware to software  Let machines deal with machines (robotics):  Give users independent control of different parts of machine: Self-playing tuba Wurlitzer band organ Music Eleanor Selfridge-Field

Music Eleanor Selfridge-Field

2. Interfaces  C AD  C.2000 The Guidonian Hand Piano-roll view of MIDI file Music Eleanor Selfridge-Field

Representing pitch  Absolute ( MIDI C' s)  Absolute (Note 70)  Relative ( Human being ) CC # C ) c (Middle C) c' c"  A#/Bb Straight-line representation vs. cyclical representation Music Eleanor Selfridge-Field

Representing duration  Absolute (machine) Clock ticks/measure (120, 192, 240) Ticks/quarter note (30, 48, 60)  Relative (human being)               Linear representation vs. hierarchical representation Music Eleanor Selfridge-Field

Basic properties of MIDI  Eight-bit architecture  Files are binary  Highly standardized HarmonipanStreet-organ controller Music Eleanor Selfridge-Field

MIDI File Format  Purpose : Hardware interface  Main parameters : Key identification (by number; 60 = Middle C) Key state (key on/key off)  File types: Type 0 Type 1 Type 2  File sections : Header Chunk Track Chunk Data Chunk End-of-file marker Music Eleanor Selfridge-Field

Levels of representation in MIDI  What the user sees  What the file contains 7f 45 4c ac ; E L F 8c e Music Eleanor Selfridge-Field

Lab: Reading MIDI binary files Platform: LinuxWhat? Low-level MIDI Hex 7f 45 4c ac ; E L F 8c e Binary ELF 4 h^ 4 ( xZ xZ xZ x x, 8 \ /lib/ld-linux.so.2 % 8 # / 5 ! %, " & 7 $ 6 ) ( ' *. ) p ? ` h E 1 K " ] L " n \ " | " L h U ( ( = D > K > e, v 0, ) E. l I l 3 y E | Q i a C \ | ' | ! ! ASCII/MIDI-ese  Plain English Data chunk [hex numbers]: 00delta time=0 90status: note on 3ckey no.: 60C4 28velocity (dynamic-level): 40 Music Eleanor Selfridge-Field

Input from MIDI to notation Output from notation to MIDI Music Eleanor Selfridge-Field

Sound vs. Symbol Mozart: Piano Sonata K. 331  2A. Non-sounding objects in this view:  Bar-lines   Brace   Beams  Slurs  2B. Sound-symbol discrepancies:  Staccatos  Arpeggio  Grace-notes  Ornaments Music Eleanor Selfridge-Field

Sample evaluation (by objects) Raw MIDI interpreted by Cakewalk Superfluous time signature: 2 times No key signature: 2 times Sharps, flats, and naturals used inappropriately 7 times in 4 bars (1 is correct) Grace-notes not entered to avoid confusing software (19 objects missing) Slurs missing: 11 Staccatos missing: 4 Spurious notes: 1 Spurious markup (not counted) Total number of errors/omissions/4 bars: 46 (11.5 errors per bar) Notation from symbolic code (SCORE) Music Eleanor Selfridge-Field

Csound (derived from Music V)  Developed by Barry Vercoe (MIT)  Used in some firmware  Two representations score: scot: score translator both: Csound_Users_Seminar/csound/3.46/CsIntro. html Music Eleanor Selfridge-Field

From Music I to the DX 7 (Local history) Max Mathews (L), Jean- Claude Risset (R), John Chowning (lower left), Leland Smith (lower right) Music Eleanor Selfridge-Field

Stanford’s late Artificial Intelligence Lab on Arastradero Rd. Below: Bell Labs’ site, The original CCRMA Music Eleanor Selfridge-Field