Memory – Introduction and Application Three stages of processing an event Encoding Storage Retrieval Factors that can affect memory in these three stages Encoding stage factors Violence, Unconscious Transference, Divided Attention Storage stage factors Time factors Retrieval stage factors Expectations, Misremembering

Three Steps in Processing an Important Event: The encoding stage--perception of the original event The storage stage--time between the event and the recollection of a piece of information The retrieval stage--recall of the stored information

Encoding Stage Factors: Violence Weapons Focus - Loftus. Violence towards a Child - Loftus and Burns Unconscious Transference Donald Thompson - falsely accused Divided Attention Robbery in the Cafeteria - Ross and Ceci

Storage Stage Factors Time Factors A Self Test How Long Before We Forget?-Shepherd

Shepard Results 92% 87% 57.7% 99.7% % Recalled 2 Hrs. 3 Days 7 Days 4 Mths.

Retrieval Stage Factors Expectations Telephone game - Allport and Postman Mis-remembering Misinformation Effect - Loftus Mis-remembering and the Just Desserts Case

Three Experimental Situations in the Misinformation Paradigm (Loftus) Subjects view an event Subjects are exposed to (misleading) information about the event Subjects recall the event to see if the misleading information has had an effect

How fast were the cars going when they ******* each other? Contacted Collided into Bumped Hit Smashed into

Loftus 1 Speed estimates for the different verbs used in the witness question 32mph 34mph 38mph 39mph 41mph Estimated Speed Smashed ContactedHitBumped Collided