EVOLUTION! January, 2013 Warm Up Questions Why were their no rabbits in Australia? 2. Why are their no Kangaroo’s in England?

Evolution A change in species over time (many generations). These changes or adaptations help the species to survive.

A portrait of James Hutton (1726–1797) is known as the founder of modern geology Hutton came to believe that the Earth was perpetually being formed; for example, molten material is forced up into mountains, eroded, and then eroded sediments are washed away. He recognized that the history of the Earth could be determined by understanding how processes such as erosion and sedimentation work in the present day. He believed that the earth is millions of years old and not thousands of years old.

Malthus developed his theory, at least to this extent: The Malthusian doctrine, as stated in "Essay on the Principle of Population”, Malthus developed his theory, at least to this extent: That left alone, no matter all the problems short of world wide catastrophe, humankind will survive, as, nature has a natural way to cut population levels: "crime, disease, war, and vice," being, the necessary checks on population." Thomas Robert Malthus (1766-1834)

a French naturalist named Jean Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet, Chevalier de Lamarck took a great conceptual step and proposed a full-blown theory of evolution. Jean became one of the founding professors of the Musee National d'Histoire Naturelle as an expert on invertebrates. His work on classifying worms, spiders, molluscs, and other boneless creatures was far ahead of his time. Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744-1829)

Charles Darwin was born in England on February 12,1809—the same day as Abraham Lincoln. During a single day in a Brazilian forest, Darwin collected 68 different beetle species—despite the fact that he was not even searching for beetles! He began to realize that an enormous number of species inhabit the Earth. carefully to find differences in size, shape, color, texture, and other observable characteristics.

Charles Darwin made observations and collected specimens in 1831 during his travels on the HMS Beagle.

This hypothesis is now know as the Theory of Evolution. This observation and evidence lead him to propose an evolutionary hypothesis about the way life changes over time. This hypothesis is now know as the Theory of Evolution.

Galapagos Islands Here Darwin observed species that were similar, but not the same. Galápagos Islands The Galápagos Islands lie almost 1000 km off the coast of South America. They have a total land area of about 8000 square km, or about three quarters the land area of the Hawaiian Islands. The Galápagos were formed by volcanoes that rise out of the ocean at different elevations, from barely above sea level to 1500 m above the sea. About 15,000 people live on the islands, which are best known for their unusual aniincludingthe giant tortoises for which the islands were named. The largest species weigh more than 230 kg. The Galápagos also have an unusual history. They were once known as the Enchanted Isles, and pirates buried their treasure there. Ships also abandoned mutineers on the islands. During World War II, the United States established a military base on the Galápagos to guard the Panama Canal.

In 1859 Darwin published his work

Natural Selection Survival of the fittest. Organisms compete to survive. There must be genetic variation or diversity. Species adapt to their environment. Only those that reproduce will survive.

Natural Selection Four Main Ideas: Variation Competition Adaptation Decent with Modification

Variation In a population, individuals can be slightly different in their genetic makeup. **Population= a group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area

Competition Individuals of a population produce more offspring than the environment can support. Individuals of a population compete to survive.

Adaptations Characteristics that can increase an organisms chance of survival. Can be structural or physiological.

Descent with Modification Each living species has descended, with have changes in the genetic makeup, from other species over time.

Peppered Moth Before the Industrial Revolution, the trees in England were light and the light colored moths were camouflaged (hidden). However the dark ones were easier to spot and often eaten by predators (birds).

Industrial Revolution During this time, pollution or soot from factories darkened the trees. The dark moths were camouflaged. The light moths became easier prey (food) for the birds.

How is this an example of natural selection?