Classification of Organisms (Taxonomy) Unit 2 Lesson 1 Classification of Organisms (Taxonomy) S8.B.1.1.2,3

Classification Is the process of grouping organisms by certain characteristics Carl Linnaeus - Father of Taxonomy There is approx 1.6 million different species identified on Earth Changing all the time as new species are being identified Estimates about 10-100 million species exist

History of Taxonomy

Absorb nutrients from outside body 6 Kingdoms of Life Kingdom # of Cells Cell Nucleus Cell Wall Motile Food Archaebacteria (found in extreme environments) Single-celled No Yes Yes/No Make/ Consume Eubacteria (live in or on organisms) Protista (Algae and Protozoans) Most single Some multi Fungi (yeast, mold, mushrooms) Most multi Some single Absorb nutrients from outside body Plantae (ferns, mosses, trees) Multicellular Make Animalia

Other Classification Levels Scientists further divide organisms within a kingdom into narrower groups based on internal and external structures

Phylum Chordata Chordates - all have a tough cord running along their backs which gives the animal support. Major Chordates: Fish (Class Agnatha, Chondrichthyes, Osteichthyes) Amphibians (Class Amphibia) Reptiles (Class Reptilia) Birds (Class Aves) Mammals (Class Mammalia)

Characteristics of Major Chordates Category Fish Amphibians Reptiles Birds Mammals Body Covering Scales -Smooth skin -No Scales Scaly Skin -Feathers -Scales on legs hair Types of appendages Fins Legs Wings and legs -legs -arms -flippers Reproductive Structures Eggs Amniotic egg -Some lay eggs -Most give birth Control of body Temp. Exothermic (cold-blooded) Exo- Endo-thermic (warm-blooded Endo-

Exothermic (cold-blooded)– Will take on the temp of their environment Endothermic (warm-blooded)– Will maintain a constant body temp. Amniotic egg - is an egg which has a shell and can hold water. Most shells are gas permeable. (adapted for land) ** Amniotic egg was modified to from a placenta in most mammals, including humans

Some mammals lay eggs (monotremes): Platypus Echidna The echidna lives in Australia. The platypus is semi- aquatic & lives in E. Australia

Non-Chordates There are more non-chordates on earth than chordates. Don’t have internal skeletons Some have soft bodies Some have exoskeletons (hard outer covering) Examples: Insects Spiders Mollusks Worms Sea stars (starfish) Crustaceans

Insects Have 3 main body parts: 1. Head 2. Thorax 3. Abdomen. Have 6 legs.

Spiders Have 2 main body parts: 1. cephalothorax (fused head and thorax) 2. abdomen. Have 8 legs.

Mollusks

Worms

Sea Stars

Crustaceans

Relationship Diagrams Sunflower Organisms above a characteristic HAVE that characteristic Organisms below a characteristic do NOT Pine Tree Flowers Fern Seeds Chloroplasts Start Here