Parliament Limits the English Monarchy Chapter 21 Section 5

Queen Elizabeth Had many fights with Parliament, usually over money Had many fights with Parliament, usually over money She didn’t feel they gave her enough for all her expenses She didn’t feel they gave her enough for all her expenses When she died in 1608, she had no heir, closest was her cousin James, king of Scotland When she died in 1608, she had no heir, closest was her cousin James, king of Scotland He inherited Elizabeth’s huge debt He inherited Elizabeth’s huge debt

James believed he had absolute power, and answered to no one James believed he had absolute power, and answered to no one Elizabeth had also believed in her divine right to rule, but was more tactful than James Elizabeth had also believed in her divine right to rule, but was more tactful than James She would flatter Parliament to get her way She would flatter Parliament to get her way

King James James worst struggles with Parliament were over money James worst struggles with Parliament were over money They refused to pay for expensive spending and foreign war They refused to pay for expensive spending and foreign war James offended puritan members of Parliament, who hoped he would start reforms to purify the English church James offended puritan members of Parliament, who hoped he would start reforms to purify the English church James resented being told what to do, so he made no reforms, but did agree on translating a new bible, the King James Bible James resented being told what to do, so he made no reforms, but did agree on translating a new bible, the King James Bible

King James Bible It bothered James that there were many English translations of the bible, but none that were well written It bothered James that there were many English translations of the bible, but none that were well written He sponsored a committee of bible scholars to create a new, royally approved translation He sponsored a committee of bible scholars to create a new, royally approved translation First printed in 1611 First printed in 1611

Charles I 1625, James dies, and son Charles I takes the throne 1625, James dies, and son Charles I takes the throne Always needed money for wars against France and Spain Always needed money for wars against France and Spain Several times he dissolved Parliament after refusing to give funds Several times he dissolved Parliament after refusing to give funds

1628, Charles was forced to call Parliament again 1628, Charles was forced to call Parliament again This time, they refused to grant him any money until he signed a document known as the Petition of Right This time, they refused to grant him any money until he signed a document known as the Petition of Right

The Petition of Right Signing this petition the king agreed to four points: Signing this petition the king agreed to four points: He would not imprison subjects without due cause He would not imprison subjects without due cause He would not levy taxes without Parliaments consent He would not levy taxes without Parliaments consent He would not house soldiers in private homes He would not house soldiers in private homes He would not impose martial law at peacetime He would not impose martial law at peacetime  After agreeing to the petition, Charles ignored it

In 1629, Charles dissolved Parliament and refused to call it back into session In 1629, Charles dissolved Parliament and refused to call it back into session How did he get money he needed? He imposed all kinds of fees and fines on the English people How did he get money he needed? He imposed all kinds of fees and fines on the English people

English people who spoke against him faced torturous consequences, like having ears cut off or cheeks burned with a hot iron English people who spoke against him faced torturous consequences, like having ears cut off or cheeks burned with a hot iron NSVZQ4 NSVZQ4 NSVZQ4 NSVZQ4

English Civil War Charles offended Puritans (people who wanted to purify the English church of Catholic practices) by keeping church rituals and formal prayer book Charles offended Puritans (people who wanted to purify the English church of Catholic practices) by keeping church rituals and formal prayer book He also tried to force the Presbyterian Scots (his Scotland subjects) to accept a version of the Anglican prayer book He also tried to force the Presbyterian Scots (his Scotland subjects) to accept a version of the Anglican prayer book He wanted both his kingdoms to have one religion He wanted both his kingdoms to have one religion

Threat of War The Scots rebelled, assembled a huge army, and threatened to invade England The Scots rebelled, assembled a huge army, and threatened to invade England Charles needs money to raise an army to prepare for war- money he could only get by calling Parliament into session Charles needs money to raise an army to prepare for war- money he could only get by calling Parliament into session This gave Parliament a chance to oppose him This gave Parliament a chance to oppose him

Charles Runs Parliament passed laws limiting royal power Parliament passed laws limiting royal power Furious, Charles tried to arrest leaders of Parliament, but they escaped Furious, Charles tried to arrest leaders of Parliament, but they escaped Equally furious at Charles, was a mob of Londoners who raged outside the palace Equally furious at Charles, was a mob of Londoners who raged outside the palace Charles fled London and raised an army in northern England, where people were loyal to him Charles fled London and raised an army in northern England, where people were loyal to him

English Civil War From supporters and opponents of King Charles fought the English Civil War From supporters and opponents of King Charles fought the English Civil War Those loyal to the king were called Royalists, or Cavaliers Those loyal to the king were called Royalists, or Cavaliers The other side were Puritan supporters of Parliament The other side were Puritan supporters of Parliament Because these men wore their hair short, over their ears, they were called Roundheads by the Royalists Because these men wore their hair short, over their ears, they were called Roundheads by the Royalists

Royalists Support King Charles Royalists Support King Charles

Roundheads Support Parliament

Oliver Cromwell War was a seesaw, with no one gaining an advantage War was a seesaw, with no one gaining an advantage 1644, Puritans found a general who could win- Oliver Cromwell 1644, Puritans found a general who could win- Oliver Cromwell His New Model Army defeated the Cavaliers, and the following year, captured the king and held him prisoner His New Model Army defeated the Cavaliers, and the following year, captured the king and held him prisoner

The Execution of a King 1649, Cromwell brought the king to trial and was found guilty of treason 1649, Cromwell brought the king to trial and was found guilty of treason King Charles I was sentenced to death King Charles I was sentenced to death The execution of a king was revolutionary- kings had been overthrown, killed in battle, or murdered, but none had faced a public trial and execution The execution of a king was revolutionary- kings had been overthrown, killed in battle, or murdered, but none had faced a public trial and execution

Cromwell now had total control Cromwell now had total control 1649, he abolished the monarchy and the House of Lords (the legislative branch) 1649, he abolished the monarchy and the House of Lords (the legislative branch) He established a commonwealth (a republican form of government) He established a commonwealth (a republican form of government) 1653, Cromwell dismissed the rest of Parliament, and began rule as a military dictator 1653, Cromwell dismissed the rest of Parliament, and began rule as a military dictator

Irish Rebellion Cromwell immediately had to put down a rebellion in Ireland Cromwell immediately had to put down a rebellion in Ireland Ireland had come under English control during the reign of Henry VIII and his family Ireland had come under English control during the reign of Henry VIII and his family Cromwell and his army crushed the uprising taking homes from the Irish, and giving them to English soldiers Cromwell and his army crushed the uprising taking homes from the Irish, and giving them to English soldiers

Religious Toleration? Cromwell and Puritans reform society with laws abolishing sinful activities, like going to the theater Cromwell and Puritans reform society with laws abolishing sinful activities, like going to the theater Although a strict Puritan, Cromwell favored religious toleration except for Catholics Although a strict Puritan, Cromwell favored religious toleration except for Catholics He even welcomed back Jews who had been expelled from England in 1290 He even welcomed back Jews who had been expelled from England in WMpMiA WMpMiA WMpMiA WMpMiA

Back to the Monarchy Oliver Cromwell ruled until his death in 1658 Oliver Cromwell ruled until his death in 1658 The English people were sick of military rule The English people were sick of military rule 1659, Parliament voted to ask the older son of Charles I to rule England- Charles II 1659, Parliament voted to ask the older son of Charles I to rule England- Charles II

Charles II The period of Charles II reign is known as the Restoration, because he restored the monarchy The period of Charles II reign is known as the Restoration, because he restored the monarchy Was a happy and rejoice full time in England Was a happy and rejoice full time in England He also restored theater, sporting events and dancing, all had been abolished under Cromwell He also restored theater, sporting events and dancing, all had been abolished under Cromwell For the first time ever, women were appearing on stage in plays For the first time ever, women were appearing on stage in plays

Habeas Corpus During Charles reign, Parliament passed an important guarantee of freedom- Habeas Corpus During Charles reign, Parliament passed an important guarantee of freedom- Habeas Corpus This law is a judicial mandate requiring that a prisoner be brought before the court to determine whether the government has the right to continue detaining them. This law is a judicial mandate requiring that a prisoner be brought before the court to determine whether the government has the right to continue detaining them. Now, a monarch couldn’t put someone in jail for opposing him, and prisoners couldn’t be held indefinitely without trial Now, a monarch couldn’t put someone in jail for opposing him, and prisoners couldn’t be held indefinitely without trial

A Catholic King? Parliament also debated who should inherit the throne after Charles, he had no children Parliament also debated who should inherit the throne after Charles, he had no children He did have a brother, James, but he was Catholic He did have a brother, James, but he was Catholic A political group called the Whigs opposed James A political group called the Whigs opposed James Another political group called the Tories supported him Another political group called the Tories supported him

James II 1685, Charles II dies, and his brother, James became king 1685, Charles II dies, and his brother, James became king He offended his subjects by flaunting his Catholicism He offended his subjects by flaunting his Catholicism He violated English law by appointing many Catholics to high offices He violated English law by appointing many Catholics to high offices When Parliament protested, James dissolved it When Parliament protested, James dissolved it

1688, James 2 nd wife gave birth to a son 1688, James 2 nd wife gave birth to a son English Protestants were worried this would lead to a long line of Catholic kings English Protestants were worried this would lead to a long line of Catholic kings But James also had an older daughter, Mary, who was Protestant But James also had an older daughter, Mary, who was Protestant She was the wife of William of Orange, from the Netherlands She was the wife of William of Orange, from the Netherlands

William and Mary

The Glorious Revolution Several members of Parliament invited William and Mary to overthrow her father for the sake of Protestantism Several members of Parliament invited William and Mary to overthrow her father for the sake of Protestantism William led his army to London in 1688, and James fled to France William led his army to London in 1688, and James fled to France This bloodless overthrow of King James II is called the Glorious Revolution This bloodless overthrow of King James II is called the Glorious Revolution

Constitutional Monarchy At their coronation, William and Mary vowed to “govern the people of this kingdom of England….” At their coronation, William and Mary vowed to “govern the people of this kingdom of England….” They recognized Parliament as their partner in governing They recognized Parliament as their partner in governing England had become a constitutional monarchy, where laws limit the rulers power, not an absolute monarchy England had become a constitutional monarchy, where laws limit the rulers power, not an absolute monarchy By the way….what IS an absolute monarchy?

To make clear the limitations of a ruler’s power, Parliament drafted a Bill of Rights in 1689, stating many things a ruler could NOT do: To make clear the limitations of a ruler’s power, Parliament drafted a Bill of Rights in 1689, stating many things a ruler could NOT do:  No suspending of Parliament laws  No levying taxes without a specific grant from Parliament  No interference with freedom of speech in Parliament  No penalty for a citizen who petitions the king about grievances

After 1688, no British monarch could rule without consent of Parliament, and Parliament couldn’t rule without consent of the monarch After 1688, no British monarch could rule without consent of Parliament, and Parliament couldn’t rule without consent of the monarch If the two disagreed, government came to a standstill If the two disagreed, government came to a standstill This problem was solved in 1700 by developing a group of government ministers called the cabinet This problem was solved in 1700 by developing a group of government ministers called the cabinet

Every Tuesday during Parliament, Secretaries of State meet in this room to discuss the big issues of the day. They’ve been meeting in the same room since 1856

The Cabinet The cabinet became the link between the monarch and Parliament The cabinet became the link between the monarch and Parliament Over time, the cabinet became the center of power and policy making Over time, the cabinet became the center of power and policy making Under the cabinet system, the leader of the majority party in Parliament also heads the cabinet and is called the prime minister Under the cabinet system, the leader of the majority party in Parliament also heads the cabinet and is called the prime minister This is the system of government Great Britain uses today This is the system of government Great Britain uses today