Rocks, Minerals, and Soil By: ___________

Table of Contents 1.Word Bank pg. 1 2.What I Knowpg. 6 3.Lab: What is in Soil?pg Diagram: Soil Horizonspg. 21

Word Bank 1. mineral – a solid, natural material made from nonliving substances in the ground. 2. streak – the color of the powder left behind when the mineral rubbed on a rough surface 3. color – the color of the surface of the mineral. 1

Word Bank 4. luster – the way a mineral reflects light from its surface. (how shiny or dull a mineral appears) 5. hardness – a measure of how well a mineral resists scratching. (test: scratch test) 6. cleavage – the measure of how smooth a surface is. (the # of planes where a mineral breaks) 7. fracture – the property of a mineral that shows when it has a rough surface. 2

Word Bank 8. gem – a mineral that is rare, beautiful, and usually transparent. It glitters and shines in light (high luster) 9. rock- as solid object made naturally in Earth’s crust 10. rock cycle – the changing of rocks over time from one type to another 11. conglomerate – a sedimentary rock that has small rounded stones that have been cemented together 3

Word Bank 12.soil – a mixture of bits of rocks and once living parts of plants and animals. 13. organic – having to do with or coming from living (biotic) things 14. inorganic – not coming from living things (abiotic) 15. soil horizon – layers of soil 4

Word Bank 16.humus – a part of the soil that is made of decaying or organic materials 17. topsoil – the dark, top layer of soil, rich in humus and minerals; layer in which organisms live and most plants grow. 18. subsoil – layer of soil that contains particles of rock and minerals; found beneath topsoil 5

What I Know Mohs’ Hardness Scale ranks minerals from based on their hardness.  1 – softest - TALC  2-  10 – hardest - DIAMOND Diamonds can only be scratched by other diamonds. We can use known minerals and the scratch test to find out unknown minerals. Minerals can be found in nature. 6

What I Know Minerals can be made from one or more elements (pure substances) Example: chromium + beryllium = emerald Aluminum + oxygen = sapphire iron + sulfur = pyrite silicon + oxygen = amethyst sodium + chlorine = salt All minerals are made through chemical changes 7

What I Know How do we use minerals? (Where can we find minerals in daily life?) - toothpaste, computers, jewelry, electrical wiring, tires, soap, vitamins, paint, on our food (salt) Gems can be - -Colorful polished -Used in jewelryrough and uneven -Cut into shapes 8

What I Know Gem examples: -Ruby, sapphire, emerald, amethyst, diamond Most rocks are made of mixtures of materials. They have different materials because they are made in different ways. Scientists classify rocks into 3 types based on the way they are made: 1. igneous – formed when lava cools and hardens. 2. sedimentary- formed when sediments are deposited in layers over time. 3. metamorphic- forms when other types of rock (sedimentary or igneous) change under heat and pressure without melting. 9

What I Know Rock Cycle:  Draw diagram here Igneous Rocks that cool and form inside the Earth are called intrusive rocks. This cooling could take 100s of years and so it produces LARGE crystals.  example: granite 10

What I Know Igneous Rocks that cool and form on the outside of the Earth would be called extrusive rocks. This cooling happens much faster so it produces SMALL crystals (or no crystals at all). Large crystals are not possible because the rocks cooled too quickly.  Ex: Basalt, obsidian, and Pumice 11

What I Know Sedimentary Rocks are made of different materials that have been compacted and cemented together.  Example: sandstone, limestone, and conglomerate 12

What I Know In metamorphic rocks, the intense heat and pressure can –  Change 1 mineral into another  Squeeze particles more tightly together  Crush fossil fragments and crystals in limestone to look like a jigsaw puzzle. 13

What I Know Metamorphic rocks can be -  Easy to carve and shape Example: marble  waterproof Example: slate  Shiny with brilliant colors Example: marble 14

What I Know 3 common uses for igneous rocks are:  1. sharp weapons and tools  2. roads  3. pumice can be used to remove dead skin cells, grinding, and polishing 3 common uses for sedimentary rocks are:  1. concrete  2. tile  3. brick buildings 15

What I Know 3 common uses for metamorphic rocks are:  1. Slate for roofing houses  2. Marble can be used for kitchen counters, floors, statues, and monuments  3. Slate can be used for stepping stones and outdoor patios 16

What I Know Soil contains both organic (once biotic/living) and inorganic (abiotic/ non-living) materials.  One organic part of soil would be living or dead worms  One inorganic part of soil would be rocks. Important facts about soil:  Covers most of Earth’s landmasses  Without it, plants and animals would not be able to live on land  All soil started from rocks  As rocks weather, soil forms in layers. 17

What I Know Soil has 3 layers or “Horizons”. 1. “A” horizon – called topsoil Most plant roots grow in this layer Holds the most nutrients contains the most living organisms Contains Humus Dead and decaying plants and animals Contains the nutrients that feed plants soaks up and holds more water than bits of rock 2. “B” horizon – called subsoil Contains lots of fine particles of rock (clay) 3. “C” horizon –called bedrock Made of mostly large pieces of weathered rock 18

Lab: What Is In Soil? Copy this into your notebook on the next clean page. Do not forget to add this Lab Report page to your Table of Contents. Hypothesis: I think a soil sample will contain …. Experiment: Materials: Procedure: Paper plate 1. Use the toothpick and hand lens to separate Apron the contents of the soil sample. Soil sample 2. Identify and list different contents of the soil Hand lens (magnifying glass) sample. Toothpicks Analyze Results: 3. Does your soil sample contain non living things? What about once living things? 4. Based on your observations, what are the contents of the soil? My hypotheses was…. 19

Lab: What Is In Soil? Complete the Lab and your Lab report here. After My Lab, I can:  Read pgs in your Science textbook.  Add organic, soil, soil horizon, humus, topsoil, subsoil, and inorganic to your WORD BANK 20

Soil Horizons Diagram Draw, Label, and Color the “Soil Horizons” diagram from pg. 311 here.  DON’T FORGET TO ADD IT TO YOUR TABLE OF CONTENTS This will be counted as a test grade. 21