US HISTORY NEW WORLD BEGINNINGS

FIRST ARRIVALS Native Americans

Bering Land Bridge 35,000 years ago, a land bridge connected Siberia (Asia) and Alaska (North America) As glaciers melted, the land bridge got covered by water again

What do these pictures tell you about the evolution of Native American societies?

Incas—Peru, Aztecs—Mexico, Mayas—Central America

Some Native American tribes in what is now the United States… Iroquois Anasazi Navajo Cherokee Nez Perce Potawatomi Apache Sioux

Other notable native groups Location of mounds in Illinois: Cahokia Closest to building a large civilization in North America: Iroquois

Native American view of land Reverence for the natural world No extensive manipulation of nature Land is not “owned” by individuals

and the age of exploration EUROPEANS and the age of exploration

Vikings from Scandinavia came to the New World first, but did not establish permanent settlements because no strong nation-state backed them financially

Portuguese were other early explorers Got gold and slaves from Africa Set up sugar plantations in Madeira and Canary Islands off the coast of Africa

What contributed to discovery of the New World… Crusaders—brought back spices, silk, porcelain and other goods Spice Islands—source of all these wonderful things Europeans now craved

Muslim middle men—charged higher and higher prices for goods as those goods moved westward toward Europe

Renaissance Humanistic revival of classical art, architecture, literature, and learning that started in Italy in the 14th century and spread throughout Europe. It encouraged people to learn more about the world.

New inventions Caravel—type of boat with triangular sails and a rudder, which helped make steering easier Compass—magnetic needle let you know in what direction you were headed Printing press— allowed for knowledge to spread via printed maps and first-hand accounts of other people’s travels

People read about Marco Polo’s travels to China and other parts of Asia

Rise of nation-states England France Portugal Spain Competition for new territory, power, glory, wealth

TRANSATLANTIC ENCOUNTERS Columbus and those who followed him

Columbian Exchange—some things that arrived in Europe Tomato Potato Turkeys Tobacco Chocolate Corn Peanuts Syphilis

Columbian Exchange—some things that arrived in America Cow Horse Pig Chicken Rice Coffee Sugarcane Smallpox

Some positive effects of the Columbian Exchange Natives got new tools, animals and trade goods; for example—horses could now be used to hunt buffalo on the Great Plains (could also be viewed as a bad thing) Europeans got lots of great food sources that would help make the population grow

Some negative effects of the Columbian Exchange Some bad things spread, too, such as diseases; about 90% of the Native population got wiped out as a result Paved the way for conquistadores and the growth of slavery

Discoverers and conquistadores….YAHOOO! Balboa—was the first European to see the Pacific Ocean Magellan—his men circumnavigated the globe (went around the Earth)

And they kept coming…. Ponce de Leon—explored Florida searching for gold (and the Fountain of Youth)

And coming…. Coronado—saw the Grand Canyon De Soto—saw the Mississippi River

Some conquered great civilizations Pizarro—conquered the Incas Cortez—conquered the Aztecs; the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan is now Mexico City; their leader was Montezuma (Moctezuma)

First permanent settlers in what is now America THE SPANISH First permanent settlers in what is now America

Spanish settlement Encomienda system gave Indians to Spanish lords in exchange for them trying to Christianize the Indians Harsh system criticized by Bartolome de las Casas

Three G’s of the Conquistadores GOLD GOD GLORY

First Spanish-American settlement in North America St. Augustine in what is now Florida Established in 1565 Oldest continuous EUROPEAN settlement in North America

Characteristics of Spanish settlement Brought Catholic religion and Spanish language; tried to convert Natives Set up over 150 missions Set up encomiendas, haciendas Universities and major towns (Santa Fe, San Diego, San Antonio, Mexico City, etc.) Intermarried with natives, creating a mestizo population