02-Theories of Development

Grand theories Comprehensive Enduring Widely applied

Grand theories Psychoanalytic Behaviorism (Learning theory) Cognitive

Psychoanalytic Freud 1856 – 1936 Development determined by unconscious motives & drives Freud’s stages Infancy – the mouth – oral stage Early childhood – the anus – anal stage Preschool years – the penis – phallic stage Adolescence through death – latency – genital

Psychoanalytic Erickson 1902 – 1994 Eight developmental stages 1. Trust vs. Mistrust 2. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt 3. Initiative vs. Guilt 4. Industry vs. Inferiority 5. Identity vs. Role Confusion 6. Intimacy vs. Isolation 7. Generativity vs. Stagnation 8. Integrity vs. Despair

Behaviorism All behavior is learned Observable behavior is all that matters Classical conditioning Pavlov One item is associated with another Operant conditioning Skinner Reinforcement Punishment Social learning Bandura Modeling

Cognitive Theory Jean Piaget 4 Stages Sensorimotor stage Object permanence Preoperational stage Language & egocentrism Concrete Operational stage Conservation of matter Formal operational stage Abstract concepts & hypothetical situations

Cognitive Equilibrium (Piaget) We want mental balance (equilibrium) New ideas create disequilibrium How do we incorporate new ideas to reduce disequilibrium? Assimilation Incorporate into existing ideas (schemas) Accommodation Change our existing ideas (schemas)

Sociocultural Theory We are shaped by our culture Behavior can not be understood without studying the context (culture) Guided participation Instruction + shared involvement Zone of Proximal Development

Humanism Maslow’s Hierarchy Universal human needs

What theories contribute Psychoanalytic theory – Early childhood Behaviorism – Environment Cognitive – Thinking Sociocultural theory – Culture Humanism – Universal characteristics All have strengths & weaknesses No theory is applicable to all behaviors